Plomin, R., Shakeshaft, N. G., McMillan, A., & Trzaskowski, M. (2014). Nature, nurture, and expertise. Intelligence , 45 , 46-59.
The study determined the origin of expertise as it exists (“what is”) rather than asking the training’s extent in performance improvement under experimental conditions. The researchers used twin method in their investigation on environmental and genetic origins of exceptional performance in reading. Reading experts were selected as the top 5% in a group of 10,000 twins aged 12 years that were assessed on test readings. The findings of the study indicated that genetic factors account for approximately 50% of performance differences between normal and expert readers. Individuals raised in one family and learning in the same school accounted below 20% of the differences between normal and expert readers. The results of the study can be applied in children’s development of expertise in reading (Plomin, Shakeshaft, McMillan & Trzaskowski, 2014). Gene-environment relationship correlation research, in relation to expertise development, contributes to active expertise models where children choose, modify, and establish their environment in part on their genetic propensities basis. Children should be provided with opportunities to sample a wide range of experiences to discover their aptitudes and appetites.
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Mehta-Raghavan, N. S., Wert, S. L., Morley, C., Graf, E. N., & Redei, E. E. (2017). Nature and nurture: environmental influences on a genetic rat model of depression. Translational Psychiatry , 6 (3), e770.
The objective of this study was to identify the modification of blood biomarker transcripts and depression-like behavior by adverse events like ‘nurture' or chronic restraint stress (CRS) in environmental enrichment (EE) form in a depression model of genetic rat. The researchers followed the EE and CRS impacts in male adult Winstar Kyoto More Immobile models that do not indicate depression-like behavior through measurement of transcripts levels in hippocampus and blood. The obtained results indicated that depression-like behavior’s chronic restraint elevation that is induced by stress is strain dependent, while its environmental attenuation that is mediated by enrichment is independent of genetic background (Mehta-Raghavan et al., 2017). According to the results, environment and gene factors accepted currently for causing depression likely operate through interactive molecular mechanisms that are independent. The results can be applied to understanding depression which is a heterogeneous condition. The researchers recommended current epigenetic techniques to be used in identifying genome areas that are highly responsive to an individual's environment, either with or without depression's genetic predisposition.
Montag, C., Hahn, E., Reuter, M., Spinath, F. M., Davis, K., & Panksepp, J. (2016). The role of nature and nurture for individual differences in primary emotional systems: evidence from a twin study. PloS one , 11 (3), e0151405.
The objective of the research was to determine the relative influence of nurture and nature on individual differences by means of fraternal and identical twin study in primary emotional systems. Study participants were drawn from the Online Game Behavior and Twin Study on Internet. 795 individuals participated in the study, and the number consisted of 53 of unknown zygosity, 267 non-twin siblings, 172 dizygotic twins, and 303 monozygotic twins (Montag et al., 2016). Differences among individuals in primary emotional and distinct systems such as rage, seeking, lust, fear, panic, care, and play were measured using ANPS. The study results indicated that genetics influence every ANPS level although on varying degrees. The results demonstrated that the scale is an effective empirical tool that can be used by biological psychologists that are personality oriented. The tool should be used to advance know-how in a wide range of human life’s major dimensions. The findings of this research can provide contributions to imbalances studies of a wide range of primary emotional systems in human addictions as well as in psychopathologies such as affective disorders.
Kamran, F. (2016). Are Siblings Different as' Day and Night'? Parents' Perceptions of Nature vs. Nurture. Journal of Behavioural Sciences , 26 (2).
The study by Kamran, (2016) attempted to inform the manner in which parents develop perceptions regarding abilities, personalities, and interest of their children to determine attribution styles leading to individual differences and comparisons as parents perceive. The study was conducted by interviewing twelve parents using interpretative phenomenological approach. The study included both parents of one family, who have at least two children aged between 2 and 12 years and a maximum 5 years age difference. The results of the study indicated that sibling personality differences were attributed by parents to a combination of psychosocial versus biological factors. The results indicated that perceptions of parents on the personality, weakness, and strength of their children develop based on a wide range of genetic and psychosocial factors. Parents usually have expectations and natural tendencies for children who are ideal and strive to describe their children in accordance with what they view as an appropriate version of ideal children. However, influences in psychology vary for every child in a family and develop diverse and unique sibling personalities. The results of the study can be applied in the dimensions of addressing parent-child relationships. Parents are recommended to provide their children with an appropriate home environment because they influence their personality development.
Adam, G., & Philip, B. (2018). Nature vs. nurture and the flexibility of gender stereotypes: Counterstereotypical information can both diminish and enhance in-group stereotyping. Polish Psychological Bulletin .
The research by Adam and Philip, (2018) explored how activation of either nurture or nature concepts could impact a person’s stereotyping in gender ingroup. The researchers included 48 university students in a study consisting of 23 men and 25 women. The participants were assigned tasks randomly and completed a self-identity questionnaire individually. The findings of the study supported the notion of high flexibility in stereotype regarding exogenous factors. The findings indicated that counter-stereotypical information diminishes while stereotypical information enhances stereotyping upon activation of nurture. Counterstereotypical evidence, in contrast, challenges the suggestion of active nature as nature primed perceivers indicate a stronger stereotyping after encountering counterstereotypical information. Moreover, the results indicated that perceivers attribute stereotype conformity because of priming nature, to internal causes while situation constraints’ conformity is accredited by nurture. Flexibility in a stereotype is associated with ease in subjective where perceivers can undo stereotyping evidence mentally and imagine in a counterstereotypical way. The study recommended further research to determine whether “tolerance of atypicality” holds for outgroup perception.
Schmitz, L., & Conley, D. (2017). Modeling gene‐environment interactions with quasi‐natural experiments. Journal of Personality , 85 (1), 10-21.
The objective of the research was to provide an overview of developing new empirical data models for effective documentation of gene versus environment interactions in observational data. Schmitz and Conley, (2017) incorporated current approaches of the genetics of a population into frameworks of a quasi-natural experiment to improve estimation and measurement of gene versus environment interplay in the behavioral and social science. The researchers discussed polygenic scores’ use in maximizing the quantity of the available information about genetic to an individual into quantitative and single measures of genetic risks to minimize possibilities that genes act as proxies for existing interactions. The findings of the study indicated that the number of hypotheses tested from a wide range of environmental regimes were reduced by effectively testing the main impacts of established independent samples. The various hypotheses ware reduced to only one index score time of the various environmental factors tested. The study provides insight from population genetic to improve extant approaches of addressing problems from population stratification. The results are applicable for gene versus environment research on developing and origin of inequalities socially across various courses of life.
Liu, H., Li, Y., & Guo, G. (2014). Gene by social-environment interaction for youth delinquency and violence: Thirty-nine aggression-related genes. Social Forces , 93 (3), 881-903
The objective of the research was to examine the various impacts of variations in genes on youth violence and delinquency behavior. The researchers extended the previous gene versus environment studies by using various genetic variants derived from animal studies ( Liu, Li & Guo, 2014) . The study used a variety of genetic variants, 403, derived from 39 genes that are shown by knockout and transgenic studies relating to aggression in mice. Research findings associated smaller genetic risk for violence and delinquency to high or moderate social control. Greater risk of genetic for violence and delinquency was associated with low social control. The results were consistent with the previous gene versus environment research based on smaller genetic variants’ number and indicated that the findings still hold with simultaneous consideration of genetic variants’ number. The implication of the study is that multiple genes that express in a manner relating to delinquency are dependent on social environments and expression of genes is amplified in environments with low social control but its suppression appears to be high in moderate to high environments of social control. The results provide insight into future gene versus environment research on complex human traits.
Schnur, A. L. (2017). A Study of Nature versus Nurture While Diagnosing Anxiety or Conduct Disorders in Adolescents.
The study by Schnur, (2017) focused on providing insight into genetic and environmental influences on mental disorder such as conduct disorder and anxiety. The researcher looked at environmental and genetic factors related to the diagnosis of mental disorders. The study was conducted through a thorough review of journal articles and research data. Theories pertaining to anxiety and conduct behavior development were also reviewed while considering different opinions and standpoints from the existing literature and understanding how the researched factors can take part in diagnosis. The findings of the study indicated that both nature and nurture play a critical role in the causation of anxiety as well as conduct disorders among adolescents. Nurture is found to be composed of psychological, environmental, and social causes which contributes to certain behavior in mental illness. Environmental factor appears to highly trigger behaviors and symptoms in mental illness despite more research indicating biological causation. The findings of the research findings can be applied in the treatment of complex mental health disorders, especially among adolescents. The researcher recommended further research in the future on more social and environmental factors to show how adolescents are impacted by personal traumas.
Reference
Adam, G., & Philip, B. (2018). Nature vs. nurture and the flexibility of gender stereotypes: Counterstereotypical information can both diminish and enhance in-group stereotyping. Polish Psychological Bulletin .
Kamran, F. (2016). Are Siblings Different as' Day and Night'? Parents' Perceptions of Nature vs. Nurture. Journal of Behavioural Sciences , 26 (2).
Liu, H., Li, Y., & Guo, G. (2014). Gene by social-environment interaction for youth delinquency and violence: Thirty-nine aggression-related genes. Social Forces , 93 (3), 881-903.
Mehta-Raghavan, N. S., Wert, S. L., Morley, C., Graf, E. N., & Redei, E. E. (2017). Nature and nurture: environmental influences on a genetic rat model of depression. Translational Psychiatry , 6 (3), e770.
Montag, C., Hahn, E., Reuter, M., Spinath, F. M., Davis, K., & Panksepp, J. (2016). The role of nature and nurture for individual differences in primary emotional systems: evidence from a twin study. PloS one , 11 (3), e0151405.
Plomin, R., Shakeshaft, N. G., McMillan, A., & Trzaskowski, M. (2014). Nature, nurture, and expertise. Intelligence , 45 , 46-59.
Schmitz, L., & Conley, D. (2017). Modeling gene‐environment interactions with quasi‐natural experiments. Journal of Personality , 85 (1), 10-21.
Schnur, A. L. (2017). A Study of Nature Versus Nurture While Diagnosing Anxiety or Conduct Disorders in Adolescents.
