Question 1
Naturalistic Observations
Pros
The data collected is genuine since there is no external influence induced on the behaviors of the subject.
It serves the purpose of validating results from experiments that would have already been undertaken (Stangor, 2015).
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Cons
Difference of opinion. Notably, two people can observe the same subject doing the same thing and yet have different opinions as pertains to it.
To draw meaningful conclusions, the researcher has to observe the subject doing the same thing for a long time.
Phenomenological Studies
Pros
Provide an in-depth understanding of individual phenomena.
Facilitates access to adequate data derived from the experiences of the subjects (Barker, Pistrang & Elliot, 2016) .
Cons
It is difficult to detect or prevent bias on the part of the involved researcher.
The experiences provided by the participants are typical because it involves a small sample study.
Case Studies
Pros
This method of data collection can be used at any point of the research process.
Case studies also can capture reality especially with respect to important contexts such education where background noise is unavailable (Barker, Pistrang & Elliot, 2016) .
Cons
A researcher cannot replicate the study because it is suited for that one person.
Archival Studies
Pros
A researcher could erroneously introduce changes in the participant behavior (Stangor, 2015).
Cost effective because the investigator can use the internet to locate archives.
Cons
The researcher gains access to information that they are not sure whether it was well collected.
Data may also fail to address key issues relevant for the research (Stangor, 2015)
Best design to use in research
The best non-experimental design to use when executing a research, for me, would be case studies. This is because it facilitates a lot of detail collection that would not have otherwise been obtained by other methods (Barker, Pistrang & Elliot, 2016) . Additionally, the data collected is richer and of greater depth.
Question 2
When to use Naturalistic Observations
Naturalistic observation is best used when one is in need of expanding the knowledge as regards a specific phenomenon or species (Barker, Pistrang & Elliot, 2016) . For example, in fields such as anthropology or behavioral ecology, it is essential to watch a person or an organism in the environment.
References
Barker, C., Pistrang, N., & Elliot, R. (2016). Research methods in clinical psychology . Chichester: Wiley.
Stangor, C. (2015). Research methods for the behavioral sciences . Australia: Cengage Learning.
