Abstract
In this study intensity of sea, desertification has emerged with no standard measures to address the issue. Determination of a sustainable progressive transformation natural ecosystem of sea area with a reduction in sea level needs a prediction of the change of regional geosystems till a particular time. An application for unique significance in forecasting ecosystem dryness during variations in the sea level, the natural processes and phenomena emanating from drying of the ocean may have a direct effect on deltaic plains within the environment. Destabilization of the ecosystem for a given area is associated with depletion of natural geosystems. The rise in desertification of a region and predetermined anthropogenic processes and negative physical on a large scale need development using various scientific approaches in prediction. The study focus on the development of action in sea desertification causes of it and possible solutions for the problem in our communities as well as their immediate effects.
Introduction
Marine covers almost three-quarters of universe surface, contributing to 97 percent water of the earth. More than 3 billion persons rely on coastal and biodiversity for their livelihoods. Coastal and marine resources plus industries account for the big global market value of almost 3 trillion USD per year. Seas absorb about 30 percent carbon dioxide released by people, buffering the effects of global warming. Seas, as are perceived to be a source of world protein sustaining over, s a billion persons relying on oceans as an essential protein source. Subsidies in fishing are accounting for increase depletion for many fish types and inhibiting efforts in saving and restoring world fisheries with related jobs resulting in fisheries to produce less income per year. World seas are significantly affected by activities carried out by human beings comprising of a decrease in coastal habitats, pollution, and fisheries depletion. The most efficient way to control this is through reducing human activities which contribute to marine ocean desertification (Bush, 2010).
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Ocean desertification refers to the latest terminology applied in describing the area in which entire sea creatures may not live due to unfavorable natural conditions, land, and water quality. Various factors may lead to marine desertification. The world's seas-their currents, temperature, life, and chemistry, drive systems of the world which make the universe habitable by a human being, for example, drinking water, rain water, weather, food, climate and oxygen we breathe in from the air. Throughout, history seas have provided essential conduits for transportation and trade (Bush, 2010).
Background information
Intense desertification prediction of deltaic plains for the coastal zone of Aral Sea applied further development in the region with reduction of the sea level needs transformation prediction of regional ecosystems for a particular time. Particular importance application is the geosystem forecast drying during the changes of sea level. Those natural processes and phenomena resulting from sea drying have a direct consequence on deltaic plains surrounding the Aral region (Benneh, Morgan, & Uitto, 2011). Also, drying sea consideration and the surrounding Aral region as geosystem genetic in forecasting, should be synchronized in time and space of many natural expected processes. The enormous scientific value for forecasting transitions on Aral Sea section of natural environment due to future, the area should have sustainable ecosystems, and the negative phenomena should be protected in the transformation of qualitative nature in the particular direction.
The region's environmental destabilization is linked to deterioration of natural surroundings, the pace decrease in soil, productivity and natural resources, hygienic conditions of living and inadequate medical. The elevated desertification of area and natural aforementioned negative and the procedures of anthropogenic on a large scale need varying approaches development to the prediction of science (Benneh, Morgan, & Uitto, 2011). The forecasting practical goal transitions to the areas of Geosystems developing particular measures for the timely control of harmful anthropogenic and natural processes and phenomena. Anthropogenic desiccation and desertification of sea owing catastrophic reduction in sea level for accelerate of Aral Sea dynamics of geographical and physical phenomena, processes, and intensify natural complexes of development. Geosystems dynamics and natural processes arise with greater rapidity and intensity than Central Asia regions. Also, the surrounding region and the Aral Sea is the sole area where significant activity develops with of geosystems.
The active geosystem transition involves natural process dynamic, groundwater regime transformation, land cover transition and Aeolian landforms formation. It was revealed that the greater activation degree of the natural processes, higher intense foe drying sea morphological diversification of the landscape parts (Bush, 2010). Due to uneven watering of status for the structural dynamic of Delta Geosystem for river Amu Darya, the dam is experiencing the transition of various stages. On those arrays where ecosystems flooding is never experienced, natural systems transformation is well identified as evidence by alluvial properties formation particular to landscape desert regions. Between valleys of river-end where daily flooding arises in variant degrees, a large morph of hydro and periphery hydro morph half conditions remain. The conditions emerge due to the development of primarily super aqueous and subaqueous geosystems there. In valleys of inland, central and western parts delta of Amu Darya, the watering must lead to Geosystems gradual transitions as water table reduces below 5 pm. There exist all forms of Geosystems transformation, from the lake to the eluvial, entailed for a particular time.
Among boilers hills on delta of Amu Darya, due to top-down currents dominance, the geosystem moisture experiences properties of eluvial, thus natural desalinization predominance of soil influences development acceleration over a huge region of automorphic soils namely residually saline, taker and desert-sandy, that adds to dissemination of psammophyte, halophyte and xerophytes groups (Bush, 2010). Naturally, Aeolian processes of automorphic have become famous. One can trace vital conclusion that more eluvial intensification for dynamic processes having muddy clay soils predominance must be required with taker formation, sandy loamy and sandy Aeolian geosystems.
Argument Support
The major principle for Geosystem prediction transitions was based on dynamic and historical evolutionary study. The bright idea history of Geosystems region once formed can provide decisions on the knowledge basis for natural evolution. The evolution analysis of deltaic plain paleo landscape for the region of Aral Sea identified three development stages since their creation. In third development process currently being landscapes of Delta Akcha Darya, Zana Darya, and the Amu Darya eastern part. The natural structures of surrounding area and the Aral Sea are significantly dynamic and facing diverse trends of anthropogenic desertification (Christopherson & Birkeland, 2016). Thus, the effect of anthropogenic consequences plays dominant function in full geosystem transformation thus deemed as primary and vital when predicting particular date's transitions.
According to Sochava one of the researchers, projections must be formed on the application of all modern science capabilities where one must apply the primary reliable research procedures. The fuller, wider and most linked forecast is the best could be available in the region. As per the research performed by Zvonkov, the forecast of future, present and past was based on methods of three groups, historically stable identification and development for continuity tendencies of natural surrounding for the past, diagnostic procedures for present and future predictive methods. For the forecast of the region, it is vital in identifying everlasting trends in region development as full landscapes for dominant types (Dorj et al., 2013). The first activity entails classical methods of paleogeographic fulfilling the second involves historical analysis on spatial-temporal and modern landscape evolution. In the prediction of Geosystems changes due to deltaic plains desertification for the region of South Aral, there was the application of mathematical modeling, mapping, and remote methods, landscape indications, analogy and extrapolation. The deltas seem similar in the way it was formed. The present geosystem stage of development was ranked at similar rank like the modern one. Deltas can be applied similarly for Geosystem predictions of areas of modern plains alluvial in situations of the automorphic trends.
Exploration procedure in transferring the trends identified in time for present and the past to future and regions in space where the particular event happened to regions expected. The method of landscape-indication lately has seen universal application for natural systems predictions (Dorj et al., 2013). According to Viktor V, he differentiates three forms of landscape methods indication: prediction (forecast indication), display of stage-synchronous (development stages and process definitions), and the retro inductive.
Also, remote forecasting methods of environment transitions have been utilized. Applying remote procedures one can evaluate dynamics of contemporary geosystem through diverse comparisons of identification trends of particular development and photo years of the cosmic camera. In landscape prediction, one applies mapping procedures based on cartographic materials comparisons from various eras and geosystem identification of specific trends in predicting them through a particular period (Dutch, Elliott, Spradley, Boorstein, & Renneboog, 2012). The primary importance could be the role to maps correlation providing a form of structure for judging the way relationships for landscape ecological evolve in spaces through the transition effects of the elements factor that produce geosystem.
Impacts of trawling in contributing to deep ocean biological desertification
According to research conducted by members from Italy, Spain and Argentina have discovered that increased in deep ocean trawling cuts down seafloor biodiversity. The group reports about what they learned that sediments derived heavily from trawling areas compared to the seafloor in regions which have not experienced trawled for a long period. Over several decades past, fish populations adjusted to shore have reduced prompting fishermen who prefer to maintain fishing business go deeper into the sea. These fisheries catch fish applying nets while dragging it along seabed that even go deeper to a depth of 650 feet under the surface (Gurney, Foster, & Parkinson, 2013). Repeated trawling at same regions over and again till no more fish could be had, before moving into a new spot. The report shows that trawling not only decreases fish populace but also decreases populations of whole kinds of fauna which live seafloor. It was discovered that heavily trawled region had fifty percentage of less biodiversity compared to the pristine region, which comprises of 80 % fewer worms of the ocean. Through increased intensive deep Ocean trawling posing a significant threat to biodiversity in the marine sea floor which could mostly result in dangerous surroundings impacts that lead to a serious decline in fish inhabitants (Hess & McKnight, 2011). Seabed trawling has various impacts on sea ecosystems comprising of seafood stock degradation, sediment suspension, and benthos mortality. With deep ocean trawling presently carried out along central continental margins, it was concluded that trawling characterizes fundamental threat to a deep sea floor environment at a global level. It is due to this effect that seas area is experiencing desertification globally.
The life nurturing sea has a significant part in determining physical, biological and chemical features of the Earth. Damaging the sea may place Universe and its people future in danger and hence should be avoided. Even though there is considerable uncertainty on how primary planetary services offered by the sea could transform in future. One can deduce that there arise signs for conditions in world’s seas have modified drastically away from somewhere it was millions of years ago (Hess & McKnight, 2011). The evidence is emanating that these transformations have deep effects on ocean ecosystems with grave consequences in all life of the earth. Being provided with this, decreasing human emissions of greenhouse gasses such as carbon dioxide to zero should be the first priority in international for the next coming decades. There should be reinforcement in place for action in the sustaining management of deep marine trawling.
Unprecedented chemical and physical change
The sea has an inexplicably great role in-universe climate. It is discovered that energy trapped with improved greenhouse impact absorbed through the sea. Carbon dioxide released via human activities usually dissolves into the Marines. The sea has consequentially decreased the effect of emissions from a human on earth's air and global environment. The added carbon dioxide and energy has caused fundamental transformations in chemical and physical properties of the sea (Schechter, 2015). The temperature of upper layers in the marine has risen by 0.6 degrees Celsius in past century as well as reducing pH. The alterations in temperature have been greater in regions of polar resulting in a drastic loss in Arctic ocean ice and accelerating melting for landlocked sheets of ice in western Antarctica and Greenland. When the ocean volume has prolonged, average global ocean level has accelerated. This has put significant pressure on ecosystems of coastal plus human infrastructure and communities. Human activities accounted for already pushed conditions for the sea beyond limits in it were millions years ago. Anthropogenic characteristics drive environment modification has been rapid and comparable in rate and scale to which is related to 4/5 mass extinction occurrences. Consequently, sea environment is changing fundamentally, placing crucial ecosystem services and goods in danger and threatening livelihoods and food of millions of persons. Alterations in temperature are facilitating relation between photosynthesis and respiration as well as net productivity (Schechter, 2015). The photosynthetic tasks of microbes in plankton react gradually to temperature compared to respiratory rates, resulting in decreased net plankton. For instance, invertebrate larvae grow faster at higher temperatures.
The alterations have potential to yield mismatches among timing form of larvae in the water column with their sources of food like phytoplankton. Increasing rates of development and reduced larval periods may also diminish connectivity among sea populace with effects in the replenishment of ocean populations and environments as well as human being resources like fisheries (Schechter, 2015). Drastic alterations in conditions may be affecting habitat difficulty from tropical to polar areas. Primary habitat building organisms like corals, mangroves and ocean grasses encounters enormous pressure in both local and global stresses. Increasing temperatures in leading to coral reefs building to experience mass bleaching of coral and mortality whereas acidifying sea water is reducing its ability to create calcareous skeletons hence maintain their reef structures. This declines in coral and reduction in calcification of coral due to overfishing and decreased the quality of water. These effects on coral plus other sea calcify place risks to millions of species which depend on coral reefs for its habitat (Williams, 2014). Effects of a change of climate and sea acidification for habitat making species may not be limited to tropical waters. Same issues are showing up on temperate coastlines in which contraction in kelp forests is decreasing the availability of homes for thousands of species dependent. Also, the drastic reduction in the extent of the summer ocean ice in Arctic is placing pressure on related biodiversity in ice algae and polar bears.
Solutions and ethical issues
It is noted that international leaders should act to reduce carbon dioxide sources to minimize its emissions and mitigate consequences of sea acidification and climate change in oceans of the world. Having known activities done through humans contribute more to these fundamental changes in the world of oceans. Even though, understanding and accumulating evidence for transformations are greatly irrefutable. Persons must be of great concern provided the ramifications for these changes better life of humans everywhere (Williams, 2014). In recognizing the problem, human beings have no option but only to mitigate the cause of a problem such as reducing greenhouse gasses emissions and the impacts of change in climate. In a bid to reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations needs global emissions to decline to a minimum of 10 percent. This means that a reduction in international emissions of 4 percent from 2010 up to 30 years to come. It may be perceived to be a unachievable task, but with dedication and adherence to laid down procedures, the problem can be addressed.
In considerations of many people, there is no doubt for individual standing at crossroads in facing up and reacting to the anthropogenic change of climate. This is due to the fact that time is moving fast, at present annual rise in carbon in air people will surpass 450 p.p.m in coming 30 years. This will results in significant challenges for human societies as they strive to know and control sea conditions which are completely novel and that are transforming drastically in unpredictable ways (Williams, 2014). Therefore there is a need for urgency in increasing our understanding the sensitivity of ocean microbial environments to change of climate. The burning of deep sea fishing can have a tremendous effect to fishers since most of them solely depend on it for survival. Sea food is a great source for millions of people all over the world and many of them area found beneath the ocean that requires trawling to get them.
Conclusion
The following are regularities in the creation of desertification in ocean beginning with their immediate effects the surrounding areas. In aid to save ocean water from biological desertification in sea mostly caused by human activities such as emission of greenhouse gasses and trawling. These are believed to cause oceanic acidification and depletion of fish populations as well as coral reefs that help to boost sea life. The issue has drawn world attention with the goal to help solve the problem at hand to prevent future global ocean. This is due to its abundant of importance it offers to human life in general. A lot of researches have been done so as to address this issue of ocean desertification.
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