Abstract
Centers for disease control and prevention states the sharpest graphical increase involving deaths and the use of opioid substances and the numbers increased rapidly over the years ( Connery 2015). These deaths occurred and were almost evenly distribute amongst heroin and other prescribed painkillers. The results led to the declaration of public health a national crisis and emergency. Several approaches are put in place to cover the gap existing in the policies, symptoms, and practices concerning the substances in the united states.
Introduction
Opioid substances serve the purposes of reducing painful feelings. Opioids act by interacting with opioid receptors found in the nerve cell of the brain and the body. Opioids can be classified under the group of drugs that can be used to relieve pain. The coverage of drug overdose involving opioids in the united states has rampantly increased, leading to increased mortality rates and the economic cost involving the pandemic. Public Understanding of the usage of opioid substances has become a national crisis and calls for public health to take up a timely responsibility of educating the masses and curbing the problem.
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Besides opioids pressing pain, they also cause other symptoms such as sleepiness, euphoria, nausea, mental confusion, and the most lethal side effect being depression of respiratory activities. Connery (2015) suggests, the use of opioids results in a healthy positive reinforcement making individuals addicted despite the lethality of the side effects. Miclette et al., (2018), the symptoms of the disorder emanate after a period of use they include:
1) developed a strong urge to use opioid drugs
2) continued call to use the substances despite multiple occurrences of adverse effects
3) experiencing opioid withdrawal syndrome
4) continued use of opioid materials despite the current physical or mental disorder caused by the applications of opioids.
5) use for solving problems associated with obligations at school, work, or home.
According to Han et al., (2015), the disorders caused by opioids are quite analogous to the diseases caused by other substances only that opioids lead to dependence within a brief period. The current opioid pandemic is greatly influenced by hereditary and conservation factors such as the ease of access to prescription. Schuckit (2016), alluded that the disorder can, however, be treated using either medications or cognitive-behavioral approaches. The use of drugs serves the purpose of modifying the working of the brain by reliving the urge to use the drugs, withdrawal symptoms, and cut out to joyous effects related to opioids. Treatment also depends on individuals depending on the level of addiction and treatment such as outpatient, inpatient treatment, and intensive outpatient care ( Schuckit 2016). The use of drugs such as methadone, Buprenorphine, and Naltrexone has approved medication that can be used to curb the manifestation of opioid addiction. Consequently, the family can play a role in persuading their family members in cutting out the use of opioids as per (Han et al., 2015).
Conclusion
The problems that exist in con trilling the use of substances depends on the alliance between researchers and policymakers to yield long-term success. The public health sector has the responsibility of fostering these linkages because they can establish contact with the communities. There is much future work involved in research on opioid use disorder and extends to the role of researchers and policymakers to work together to secure the future of a free opioid misuse. This line of work approaches to present a novel approach for more insight on opioid and substance use disorder.
References
Connery, H. S. (2015). Medication-assisted treatment of opioid use disorder: a review of the evidence and future directions. Harvard review of psychiatry, 23(2), 63-75.
Han, B., Compton, W. M., Jones, C. M., & Cai, R. (2015). Nonmedical prescription opioid use and use disorders among adults aged 18 through 64 years in the United States, 2003-2013. Jama, 314(14), 1468-1478.
Miclette, M. A., Leff, J. A., Cuan, I., Samet, J. H., Saloner, B., Mendell, G., ... & Polsky, D. E. (2018). Closing the gaps in opioid use disorder research, policy, and practice: conference proceedings.
Schuckit, M. A. (2016). Treatment of opioid-use disorders. New England Journal of Medicine, 375(4), 357-368.
