Oppositional Defiant Disorder is a pattern of irritable and angry moods, defiant or argumentative behavior, or vindictiveness. Primarily, children with the condition do not show any signs of aggressiveness towards animals or people, do not show any pattern of deceit or theft, and do not destroy property. The symptoms and signs of the condition include often loses of temper, easily annoyed, often resentful and angry, often deliberately annoys others, often vindictive and spiteful, often blames other people for his or her misbehavior and mistakes. The symptoms for the condition are different for both boys and girls. Boys with the condition become more physically aggressive and explosive with anger while on the other hand girls with the state are tend to tend often to refuse to corporate, lie, or express the symptoms indirectly. Moreover, the clinical disturbance in the behavior of the disorder mainly causes clinically crucial impairment academic, social, or occupational functioning. The precise cause of Oppositional Defiant Disorder remains elusive although there are several biological, social, and psychological factors that result to the condition.
Biological factors
The susceptibility of the Oppositional Defiant Disorder increase in those children with positive family history, with hyperactivity disorder/ attention-deficit, mood disorder including bipolar and depression disorder and substance or drinking abuse. Moreover, children who are born to parents who smoked mainly the mother during the gestation period have a higher likelihood of developing Oppositional Defiant Disorder ( Ghosh, Ray, & Basu, 2017 ). The behavioral patterns seen with Oppositional Defiant Disorder develop primarily to children with anxiety or mood disorders as a way of coping. The children with temperament issues are mostly incapable or regulating or dealing with their emotions. They mostly have tolerate frustrations very poorly and consequently become sensitive and highly emotional in their responses to issues that do not require strong reactions.
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Additionally, any impairment in the brain may be responsible for increased functions such as reasoning, control impulse, and judgment are also factors leading to increased Oppositional Defiant Disorder susceptibility. Similarly, chemical imbalances in the central nervous system and exposure to malnutrition, and harmful toxins also result in the pathogenesis of the condition ( Ghosh, Ray, & Basu, 2017 ). Likewise, natural suction of a child and temperature play a crucial role in the development of Oppositional Defiant Disorder.
Psychological Factors
It is widely accepted that psychological factors have a significant influence on Oppositional Defiant Disorder. This is because symptoms mainly occur during the childhood period making the mental area for the condition to thrive. Factors such as home life, school life, inconsistent discipline by guardians and parents, and exposed to trauma abuse at early stages of childhood result in Oppositional Defiant Disorder ( Hukkelberg, & Ogden, 2018 ). Additionally, the absence of one parent makes the child start showing symptoms of Oppositional Defiant Disorder. This is because there are emotional problems that the child develops that influences depression. The absence of one parent may be as a result of divorce, separation, and work hours. Moreover, defiant behaviors may make the child gain control and feel safe in an attempt to get attention, my absent parent.
Furthermore, most children are subjected to stress at early stages, and this affects their development. Stress makes children defiant and aggressive resulting in early signs of Psychological Factors ( Hukkelberg, & Ogden, 2018 ). It is essential that parents ensure that the environment that their kids are growing in conducive environment to enable them to become responsible. Consequently, hopelessness and depression also contribute to Oppositional Defiant Disorder.
Social Factors
Several factors result in Oppositional Defiant Disorder, and they include poverty firstly. Poverty is a high factor resulting in a change of behavior in children. Extreme poverty makes children and young adolescent to become aggressive and defiant. This is because the situation they are living in harden them to life experiences. Secondly, family issues, most children are being brought up in the absence of either one or both parents ( Wilcox, & Heudes, 2017 ). This makes them to start developing the symptoms of Oppositional Defiant Disorder at early stages. Furthermore, lack of parental guidance is another factor that makes the children to start showing the signs of the condition as they lack mother or father figure to guide them through life experience and also offer guidance where need be.
Additionally, experience based on race and ethnic group is another factor leading to Oppositional Defiant Disorder. Children subjected to race and racial abuse tend to aggressive and hot-tempered as they try to protect themselves. Such experiences are harmful to child’s growth as they affect behavior. Moreover, household composition, most families are big such that the parents do not give adequate time to all family members making the child or young adult feel neglected ( Wilcox, & Heudes, 2017 ). A child deserves sufficient time to enable his or her mind to develop adequately to bear the societal problems and issues. Similarly, painful experiences are a crucial factor in the development of Oppositional Defiant Disorder. Experiences such as excessive punishment, poor parenting, and abuse among others result in symptoms of Oppositional Defiant Disorder. It is crucial that all parents give their children the best they can to ensure that they grow to become responsible adults.
To sum up, it is evident that Oppositional Defiant Disorder is a condition that affects may include adolescent and children. The responsibility lies with the parents to ensure that kids have adequate exposure, the environment is free of abuse, stress and any other factors that may affect the development of the child.
References
Ghosh, A., Ray, A., & Basu, A. (2017). Oppositional defiant disorder: current insight. Psychology research and behavior management , 10 , 353.
Hukkelberg, S. S., & Ogden, T. (2018). Dimensionality of oppositional defiant disorder. Child and Adolescent Mental Health , 23 (2), 121-129.
Wilcox, G., & Heudes, A. (2017). Clinical Reasoning in the Assessment and Planning for Intervention for Oppositional Defiant Disorder. Canadian Journal of School Psychology , 32 (1), 46-58.
