Epidemiology is a broader discipline that involves the study of disease, its distribution and determinants. Therefore, the concepts of epidemiology are applied in various contexts including the determining the etiology of disease, diagnostic testing, prognosis determination and testing of treatment regimens (Nies & McEwen, 2018). In essence measures of disease occurrence include prevalence and incidence while disease burden in a population is estimated through the attributable risk and relative risk. Perhaps, the epidemiological concepts of risks are applied in isolation if risk factors associated with various community health problems. On the other hand rates such as mortality rates are considered to fundamental concepts of epidemiology that reflects the kind of care provided and the need for formulation of action based policies and strategies. In general the application epidemiology concepts provides lays a framework for the designing of effective infection strategies for disease control and preventive measures
A complex interplay of health related factors at different levels contribute to the population distribution of health. Within biological and societal contexts individuals are affected as affected by social networks and locations. Therefore, at the macro-level, aggregation of individuals results in group formations that might be exposed to various agents resulting in variance across the population. In essence, the eco-social epidemiology paradigm provides a conceptual framework for understanding how the interaction of factors such as behavior, genetics, society, psychology and the environment facilitates an analysis of underlying causes for health disparities across populations and generations (Fink, Keyes & Cerdá, 2016). With regards to HIV/ AIDs, social determinants such as access to health care services, housing, quality of education, culture and access to job opportunities explains the disappropriate burden of the disease in certain n populations such as the African Americans in the United States. In this case, analysis of the eco-social epidemiology paradigm helps in determining the economic and social determinants of health and acts as a prerequisite for formation of strategies related to the different levels of care including testing, treatment and management.
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References
Fink, D. S., Keyes, K. M., & Cerdá, M. (2016). Social determinants of population health: a systems sciences approach. Current epidemiology reports , 3 (1), 98-105.
Nies, M. A. & McEwen, M. (2018). Community/Public Health Nursing. Elsevier - Health Sciences Division
