Introduction
Advocating for physical education is a significant component of promoting and controlling childhood obesity. Globally, the rates of childhood obesity have declined over the past years due to well-documented benefits of physical education, and now many children are acquiring sufficient and better physical education daily. Encouraging children to engage in physical activity daily is essential since it helps them develop good health in their childhood and prevent chronic diseases later in life which will ultimately promote better and healthier lives of the individuals and the whole population as a whole (Ogden, Carroll, Kit and Flegal, 2014). The scheme of the review is to provide evidence on the influence of physical activities of preschool children in high-income countries.
Numerous high-income countries have produced physical activity guidelines recommending preschool children to engage themselves 120-180 minutes daily of the physical activity. The guidelines endorse the preschool children to participate in a minimum of 120 minutes inform of the configured 60 minutes and the 60 minutes of the unconfigured actual play. American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that clinicians revitalize parents to increase time spent with their children in physical activity and reduce the amount of time spent indoors in a manner congruent to the development level of the child. High income generating countries have created stringent screen viewing in response to the high rates of inactive behaviors among the preschool children. Department of the health and aging have more stringent screen display guidelines for children under four years of age in Canada and 2-5 years of age in Australia are limited to 1 hour per day. Physical activity is a significant component of energy balance expected with health patterns of physical growth and weight status, thus promoting physical education which is key to eradicating the childhood obesity.
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Physically healthy children have a healthier profiles leaner body frames and higher peak bone mass compared to physically inactive children. Physical education is also a key to improving the psychological and social wellbeing of the child. Although with well-documented guidelines physical activities have substantially declined over the past decades across the globe since many preschool children are not acquiring the essentials every day hence increase in the number of child obesities. Moreover, an increasing number of studies document a last screen-viewing time including television, computers, and smartphones among the preschool-age children. Physical activity and inactive behaviors are hardened and impacted by interacting multilevel factors that either enhance or hinder physical activity and sedentary behaviors in young children (Lindsay, Greaney, Wallington et al., 2017). Social-ecological ideal has been widely used to help health professionals, and researchers find and understand how the various multilevel impacts interact to form individual's physical activity opportunities and choices.
Methods Identifying Influences of Physical Activity
Ideally, different methods can be used to determine the results of physical activities. One of the primary methods that can be applied is the use of paradigm which is a method derived from the Organization for the Economic Cooperation and Development and the World Bank. It was typically used to identify the high-income nations, which defines high income as a country with an obese national income per capita above US$12,475 in 2015. The calculation was performed using the Atlas together with the combination of physical activity, inactivity, lifestyle, sedimentary behavior and screen Pre-School. Apart from the already mentioned, children overweight and obesity were also included.
Results
Typically parents socio-economic status and educational level are associated with preschool children's' new physical behaviors. Scholars have found that among the children between the ages of 4-5 years attending preschools, parents with low income reported that their children spend most of their time indoors compared to over 70 percent of those from high income generating families. Diversity in physical education by sex often exists whereby boys are more active than girls. Physical education also differs by ethnicity acculturation and place of birth. Caucasian children are of the high rate of physical activity compared to African and American children. After studies examining the association between ethnicity and preschool children physical education, it came to a conclusion that majority of Latino preschool children attending Head start programs exceed the national guidelines of physical activity duration. Practices by parents significantly determine specific behaviors such as what a parent normally does to facilitate physical education.
Results of these studies show that some parental practices, such as encouraging PA, setting rules, providing transportation, paying fees and tuition, parental modeling of PA, and engaging in physical activities with children are associated with PA behaviors of preschool age children. Parenting habitual describe context-specific actions such as what apparently does to enhance Physical activity an important parenting practice is a parental support for the Physical activity. Proven research shows that children are more likely to be active if parents are supportive of them being physically active in various. They should be motivated to take part in the physical activities and also be taken to different places where they can be physically active. They should also be enrolled in participating in activities such as sports classes. Through this, children will remain active in whatever they are involved in including classes and other necessary activities at home. Physical activity performs an essential role in the lives and development of a child, and it should be viewed so as to avoid destroying the development of a child.
There are also important environmental aspects that must be considered. The environmental issues include a built environment with high levels of green space are significant for physical activity, most increases in preschoolers' PA is due to parental support for PA. A study with preschool-age boys showed that kids who received greater parental support for PA were significantly more likely to indulge in1 hr. or more of daily PA than those who did not receive such support. It was found that parental attitudes in support of PA were significantly associated with MVPA among preschool-age children.
Physical activity is a significant component of complete physical, social, and mental health helping children set the foundation for healthy Physical practices early in life is an essential element for managing longer and healthier lives for individuals and the general population. Promoting Physical activity in early childhood depends on the attention to the child and also those who care at home and community settings in which charge and development of children take place. Although an increasing number of studies targeting on the PA of young children much lingers to be learned about the many aspects such as parenting habits and designs, sociocultural factors, and environmental factors that affect the reinforcement and maintenance of Physical activity and sedentary behaviors among preschool-age children and, subsequently, the development of obesity.
On the other hand, physical activity has some disadvantages to the lives of children. It can cause some injuries to the children. Ideally, approximately 3 million teenagers incur various types of injuries whenever they participate in sports. Some of the injuries that may result from sports are broken bones and tears of the anterior cruciate ligament. Children will also tend to focus so much on the sports and abandon some major activities they are required to take participate.
Therefore, there are two different quantitative tools that can be used to predict the health impacts of projects. The two tools include Health Economic Assessment Tool and Dynamic Modeling for Health Impact Assessment. When applying the DYNAMO-HIA, the approximate benefit cost-ratios of 20.2 which are approximately 95 percent C.I (Lindsay et al., 2017). The tools were used to support the health impact assessment of transportation infrastructure projects where the model was employed in three different communities that included the urban, suburban and rural in the North Carolina.
Physical activity, therefore, plays a significant role in the life of each ad every child. The major role being that it helps improve the development of the child and also enhances the activeness of child in whatever they do for instance in class and back at home. As such, they should be encouraged to take part in the physical activities regularly.
Reference
Lindsay, A. C., Greaney, M. L., Wallington, S. F., Mesa, T., & Salas, C. F. (2017). A review of early influences on physical activity and sedentary behaviors of preschool‐age children in high‐income countries. Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing .
Ogden, C. L., Carroll, M. D., Kit, B. K., & Flegal, K. M. (2014). Prevalence of childhood and adult obesity in the United States, 2011-2012. Jama , 311 (8), 806-814.
Wick, K., Leeger-Aschmann, C. S., Monn, N. D., Radtke, T., Ott, L. V., Rebholz, C. E., ... & Munsch, S. (2017). Interventions to Promote Fundamental Movement Skills in Childcare and Kindergarten: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Medicine , 1-24.
