Psychology Question and Answer

Short-answer Questions 

Question One 

In neurophysiology and psychology, the sensation is defined as any tangible, subjective awareness that occurs as a consequence of activation of a particular sense organ, input network, or sensory region in the brain. Alternatively, the term may be used in a more generic meaning to refer to the whole class of similar encounters. In everyday conversation, the term is prone to being vague; it is commonly employed in a manner that leaves the listener unsure whether the person is alluding to the act of perceiving or to whatever it is that is being detected. Even while some people believe that perceiving is entirely mental, several biologists and thinkers believe that what is perceived is typically a physical property that exists independently of the brain: for example, the grass is physically green whether or not there is a human there to see it. An equivalent explanation of sensation on grounds of exclusionary reactions in live creatures may be found in biology textbooks and online. Sensed means that a stimulus has been received by a sense organ and the creature has responded adequately to it. Despite this, many people believe that a metaphysical concept of experience is essential to understanding sensation. 

Perception is defined as the method by which sensory pieces of information are placed, processed, and subjectively felt. Perception entails both bottom-up and top-down information processing techniques. Bottom-up processing relates to the procedure through which perceptions are constructed from sensory data.  Despite the fact that human perceptions are constructed from feelings, not all experiences lead to perception. If a stimulus remains essentially constant over an extended time, individuals tend to be less conscious of it than if the stimulus moves. Sensory adaptation is the term used to describe this process. Consider the scenario of walking into a classroom with an antique analog clock. There are times in a classroom when a person is able to hear the clock ticking, but as time passes, they become less aware of it. Although the clock has not stopped ticking, the information contained inside it is still affecting sensory receptors in the inner ear. Perceptual adaptation and the fact that sensation and perception are linked but separate are witnessed when one no longer hears sounds. 

A living organism's capacity to react to external stimuli is one of its distinguishing properties. The human sensory system has advanced to the point where it can process hundreds of incoming signals at the same time. Being able to be aware of the environment and taking corrective steps is made possible by this intricacy. Sensory receptors are synapses of nerve cells that have been trained to respond to certain types of inputs alone. In addition to internal organs, sensory receptors may be found in highly heterotrophs such as the eyelids, ears, nostrils, and mouth, among other places. A wide range of actions is performed by sensory receptors in human tissues. During the vision, rods and cones react to lighting changes and coloration. When humans smell, their olfactory sensors distinguish chemical characteristics of the scents that are drifting about us. In response to pressure fluctuations, mechanoreceptors in the skin and other tissues react to the sensation of touch. 

Question Two 

When focusing on the camera, the lens gets closer or farther away from the film. The lens radiates outward in the eyes to bring the image into sharp focus. It is the nerves in the eyes that alter the exact size of the pupil that is within the eyes. A film in a camera has a consistent sensitivity to light when exposed to it. The human retina, on the other hand, is not. As a consequence, when it comes to low-light photographs, human eyes exceed a standard camera based on clarity and collection capabilities. Certain lighting conditions are difficult to capture with today's digital cameras, including the following. As an illustration, while looking at a fluorescence picture of cells under microscopy, the picture one sees with naked eyes would be almost difficult to capture with a conventional camera. Due to the little quantity of light that enters the camera (and human eyes), this is mostly the source of the problem. To put it another way, the human eye is a very subjective apparatus. Thus, your eyes and brain collaborate to form the pictures you see, as seen below: with the help of the eyes, one can alter the intensity (by twisting the light via the lenses in the eyelids) and translate electrons (light) into electrical impulses that the brain can understand. Everything after that is dependent on one’s cognitive abilities: it is constantly modifying its color balance in response to the changing lighting conditions in which it is operating. In another sense, the eyes are aware of what must be perceived as red, white, or black to be recognized. 

Question Three 

One of the most straightforward methods of remembering the distinctions between classical and operant conditioning is to concentrate on whether the action is reflexive or deliberate in nature. Affiliating an automatic reaction with stimulation is the goal of classical conditioning, while linking a purposeful behavior with a result is the goal of operant conditioning. As an example, if a toddler discovers a sweet in a box and is delighted, he is more likely to reopen it in the future. Nevertheless, if a spider jumps out of the box and scares the youngster, he will probably never open that package again. In order for operant conditioning to be effective, the individual must initially engage in an action that may be either reinforced or penalized later on. On the other hand, classical conditioning entails developing a connection with some type of naturally occurring happening that has already occurred in the past. Several instances of classical conditioning may be seen in our everyday lives. Some are deliberate, while others are not. For example, a parent who has had a difficult day at work may arrive home and shut the door. Then he generally starts shouting at his kids for no apparent reason after that. There is a connection between door slamming and being shouted at, so the youngsters have learnt to equate it with punishment. The sound of a door banging has now conditioned the youngsters to fear. 

Question Four 

Ethnocentrism is a term that refers to the ethnical bias—whether direct or indirect- by which a person perceives the world through the viewpoint of his or her own community, defining the in-group as paradigmatic and evaluating all other organizations in relation to this mythic collective. This type of tunnel vision frequently results in: an incapability to effectively comprehend civilizations that are distinct from one's own; and judgments that favor the in-group and affirm its elevated status. As a consequence, the principle of ethnocentrism is related to numerous aspects of supremacism and bigotry, including nativism, partisanship, racial prejudice, and even gender discrimination and tortuous interference, amongst other things. William Graham Sumner invented the term "ethnocentrism," which served as the foundation of the institution's early evolutionary science before becoming one of the profession's most important societal criticisms. There are still new difficulties and possibilities for anthropologists as the field's definitions and applications change in response to new theories and the work of other specialties. The Asian cultures, which are found across Asia, are an example of ethnocentrism in the arts and humanities. The cutleries are used with every meal in Asia, and this is the standard style of eating. This shows that an individual's own culture or subculture's conventions, morals, philosophy, practices, and practices are superior than those of other cultures. 

Essay Questions 

Question One 

Having two opposing views, values, or attitudes may result in a state of cognitive dissonance, which is characterized by mental discomfort and can be described as follows: The need for consistency in attitudes and views is strong among people, and as a result, this conflict may generate feelings of disquiet or discomfort. The imbalance between what people believe and how they act causes them to take actions that make them feel more unpleasant. There are several strategies to reduce this stress, such as disregarding, exaggerating, or downplaying new information, among others. There are a variety of scenarios that might result in conflicts that lead to cognitive dissonance. As a consequence of public conduct, one may find themselves engaged in the behaviors that are at variance with their personal ideals, such as those linked with the workplace, education, or a community. This may involve things like consenting with something due to public influence or keeping oneself busy at work in order to avoid getting reprimanded, among other reasons. 

When people discover new knowledge, it is possible to have sensations of cognitive dissonance. In the case of engaging in an activity that one subsequently discovers to be hazardous; they may experience sensations of discomfort. In order to alleviate the mental anguish, a change in attitude, perception, or conduct is necessary. For example, cognitive dissonance occurs when a person's conduct (smoking) conflicts with their understanding (knowledge) that smoking causes cancer. People may cope with this by either finding methods to defend their actions or by finding ways to dismiss or disregard new information that comes their way. People make choices on a daily basis, both great and little, in order to survive. When presented with two comparable alternatives, individuals often experience cognitive dissonance as a result of the fact that both possibilities are equally appealing. Once a decision has been made, nevertheless, individuals must find a resolution to assuage the sensations of discomfort that they are experiencing. When people demonstrate why their option was the viable choice, they enable themselves to believe that they made the proper conclusion. 

Question Two 

In the first question, the individuals did not answer the questions effectively since they did not know what the researcher wanted. This question was meant to test the emotional intelligence. Emotional intelligence is involved in this question since it deals with the capacity to understand the impact of the emotions. In the first question, the self-esteem and respect are at risk. Emotions may skew the respondent’s judgment, and this happens to all people from time to time. Definitely, the respondents allowed the researcher to use the equipment because of the respect they have for him. The respondents granted the researcher the permission even though they also needed the equipment. 

In the second question, the researcher explains the reason why he wanted to use the xerox machine. The individuals would answer the second question well and with respect. The respondents could wait and use the equipment later. This question shows impact interpretation and cultivated communication. The researcher is emotionally intelligence since he is better able to predict how his words and actions will be received by others. As a result of this, it is simpler for him to determine whether or not the respondents comprehend what he is saying or whether they are just too embarrassed to admit it. In this approach, the researcher can fine-tune the communications and build trusting relationships with everyone involved. 

However, in the third question, the individuals did not respond well since the researcher does not provide a good reason for his demand. These reactions are based on the emotions of the individuals or participants. Human civilizations are united by six fundamental emotions that are universally felt: fear, contempt, anger, astonishment, pleasure, and sorrow. Fear is the most common of these emotions. The individuals reacted to the last question with fear because the researcher was in a rush. 

Question Three 

Self-awareness, control, and self-consciousness are all considered to be components of emotional intelligence. Some experts believe that emotional intelligence may be learned and increased, while others believe that it is an inborn trait of individuals. One's freedom to articulate and regulate his or her feelings is essential, but so is the ability to identify the sentiments of others and respond to them. Imagine living in a world where you were unable to recognize when a companion was depressed or enraged by something. Mental health professionals use the term "emotional intelligence," and some professionals feel that it is more important than IQ in terms of long-term success. To evaluate one's degree of emotional intelligence, a variety of different tests and exams have been developed. 

Ramona Hacker's TED presentation on emotional intelligence provides a unique viewpoint on the subject. It is wonderful that she recognizes the negative implications that the term "emotional" has. The term "emotional intelligence" is not always accurate, because being emotional does not always imply being emotionally intelligent. Although, as she got older, Ramona understood that she had never deliberately mastered coping with her feelings, she also discovered that she was not the only one who was intelligent. She decided that she needed to do something, so she set out to do just that. Ramona takes audiences through her own emotions and demonstrates the steps to being more emotionally intelligent in her presentation. Roman Hackers believes that the six steps to improve emotional intelligence include: 

Regulating and minimizing the bad emotions. 

Communicating the challenging feelings. 

Maintaining the attitude and perceived stress. 

Reacting positively to a hostile personality. 

Understanding that strong and intimate interactions need emotional intelligence. 

Maintaining resilience in the face of adversity 

In addition, it is commendable that Ramona Hacker takes the opportunity to ponder on the inclinations she had as a young girl who did not have emotional intelligence. With a skills-based approach to social and emotional intelligence, individuals have the opportunity to learn and grow, ultimately becoming more emotionally intelligent.