The sample size of a study is the determinant of statistical significance. A sample size may lead to bias during results analysis. The possible outcome in flipping a coin is either head or tail. Flipping a coin is random; the probability of the outcome is 0.5. The expected outcome is either tails (1) or heads (0).
The experiment conducted resulted to 38% heads in the 50 coin flips done. However, with an increase in the sample size the probability would have changed, implying that a larger sample will provide much more conclusive results.
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Genetic drift occurs by chance; fluctuations in allele arrangement are highly random. Therefore, the probability of occurrence can be precisely calculated to obtain results. Probability of inheritance can be represented in the Punnett square. The punnnett square shows a combination of all the possible genotype pair as well as the odds that can possibly occur.
A small population leads to significant inbreeding concurrence while increasing similarity due to removal of alleles. Changes in allele frequencies are not predetermined. The frequency distribution of alleles in a given locus affects allele fixation to a gene. In cases of pure genetic drift, the fixation probability of an allele is dependent on the original frequency of the same allele in that population.
Peter Buri in 1956 examined the changing aspects in the genetic drift of Drosophila Melanogaster . Buri aimed at determining differences in genotypic frequency. He conducted three series of experiments. The first cross series involved single genotype males and females conducted separately with respect to gender. For the second series, he used males of a single genotype and females of double genotypes to test for variation in survival and productivity. The last series involved males of two genotypes and females of a single genotype to examine male survival and potency. In his main experiment, Buri simulated 107 population cages with an initial of 0.5 allele frequency. He randomly chose 8 males and 8 females from a pre-existing generation and transferred them as a new group to form an original generation. He successively conducted 19 similar experiments.
Natural populations have finite sizes making alleles subject to random genetic drift regardless of the loci position.
The frequencies in the columns continue to grow higher due to allele fluctuation in subsequent experiments, the drift in these populations happen by chance according to allele proportion in the initial set.
The bottleneck event reduced distinction in the genetic pool of elephant seal. The remaining population is subject to be passed on, genetic drift will affect the variation, and consequently genetic loss is experienced leading to extinction.
Increase in a population that had initially undergone a bottleneck event is evidence of recovery. According to Charles Darwin, low diversity in a population affects the variation of subsequent generations because of limited heritability. In addition, survival and fertility gene are not randomly transferred.
The founder effect in population genetics occurs when a new generation is developed by a small proportion of the initial generation. Founder effects lead to loss of generation deviation. For example, the founder effect on the bighorn sheep of Tiburon Island. This population was developed from about 20 sheep in 1975, by 1999 this population had grown to 650 sheep.
Kimura’s neutral theory of molecular evolution postulates that gene disparity is not caused by natural selection but by neutral mutant alleles. This neutral mutation does not affect survival and productivity of the said organism. Allele substitution is caused by genetic drift and natural selection, however, genetic drift does not lead to natural selection. Thus, phenotypic, behavioural, and physiological changes cannot be attributed to genetic drift. The impact of genetic drift can be calculated with precision leading us to the opinion of holding genetic drift as a null hypothesis to explain observation in evolution.
Forkhead box protein P2 (FOXP2) is a protein in the human system that develops and determines speech and language in an individual. The KE family speech disorder led to the isolation of FOXP2.
