Racism and Colorism: What's the Difference?

The diverse racial demography and mixture in today's world will help to resolve problems that resulted from racism by transcending over it. Fluid racial identity indicates the world’s progress in racism, whereby there is a deconstruction of the stable racial categories, thus bringing people to a colorblind utopia. Racism is a concept of the racists who express their prejudices towards others inappropriately. Racial intermixing is playing a significant role in racial harmony. However, it is evident that racism still exists in people’s cognitive processing systems. Thus, the new racism is inaccessible to the legal intent tests. The new form of racism has taken another form whereby it is continuing to affect the individual's life opportunities according to race. Colorism is a concept that has originated from racism, making the two phenomena closely related, although they are different. 

Within the human race, skin colorations vary in large gradations. For instance, there is the black of Africa complexion and the white Caucasians. These gradations of the skin range from red, yellow, and copper brown. According to Benthien (2002), the skin color of the northern hemisphere inhabitants remains light, which in this case forms a base of discriminating other people by describing their color tones as additional and secondary. 1 The homogeneity of color claimed by the inhabitants of the North is not possible for the lighter skin types. For instance, red, yellow, and copper brown classification of skin tones between noir and black is not self-evident. The color theory can be used to explain the difference in colors, in which black and white colors are categorized as achromatic colors, while red, yellow, and brown are termed as chromatic. However, in the racial discourse, black is classified as an achromatic color, which is simple and pure, while the white skin color is perceived as a basic complexion and neutral to no color. The simple and pure characteristics of the black color are evident in the English term "colored" and the German word "Farbige” (Benthien, 2002, 146). 2 Thus, skin color acts as the basis of racism, with light skin perceived as more superior than the color black. 

Differentiated skin colors act as the primary characteristics by which ethnic differences are defined. As early as the seventeenth century, white color was perceived as the basic anthropological color, while black was downgraded and seen as a degeneration. Benthien (2002) explains that black was perceived as a skin color that departs from the neutral norm because as opposed to light skin, it is colored. 3 Discrimination of the blacks based on their skin color was evident through the various attempts to destroy or decolorize the black pigments cells, instead of colorizing the white skin colors which could also be possible. The perception of light color being superior to black persists up to date, whereby Japanese and African women bleach their skin complexions. According to Ashikari (2005), women since the 1980s are consuming considerably high levels of whitening cosmetics because they are considered trendy and desirable. 4 However, it should be noted that the skin tones among the Japanese are perceived and expressed as the black and white dichotomy which is further linked to the "us" and "them" notion (Ashikari, 2005). 5 Thus, racism, which is based on color, and the area of origin acts as a barrier that prevents individuals from enjoying quality and dignity due to their race. 

Colorism is a discriminatory practice, whereby people with lighter skin colors tend to get favorable treatments over individuals with darker skin colors within the same race. Contrariwise, racism occurs in different places and takes various forms (Kawash, 1997). 6 Racism can be expressed in the form of discrimination, hatred, or prejudice that is directed towards another person due to their color, national origin, and ethnic background. In most cases, people associate racism with abuse or harassment. However, racism practice does not need to majorly involve violent or intimidation behaviors as observed in the new artificial intelligence (AI) technologies. The AI project developed by Hong Kong and Australian-based organization youth laboratories and other companies in staging the first beauty contest that was judged by robots had various aspects of racism. Joining the project involved straightforward steps, with all participants not allowed to use any form of makeup. Benjamin (2019) indicates that robot judges were programmed in such a manner as to assess the contestants on their face asymmetry, wrinkles, gender, skin color, ethnicity, and age group. 7 More than 6,000 people from more than a hundred countries participated in the project, with the belief that the whole event would be fair and equal. 

The analysis of the data from the beauty AI confirmed that the robots did not like the dark-skinned participants, as 44 winners in all the age groups were white except white, for a single finalist who had visibly dark skin (Benjamin, 2019). 8 The software used in coding beauty in the contest used the pre-labeled images, whereby the contestants' features are judged against the algorithm's embedded preferences. One of the arguments to explain the results from the incidents are the algorithms used in judging beauty have deeply entrenched biases from the creators. Thus, despite the belief that algorithms are uniquely objective and neutral, they reproduce and amplify the existing prejudices (Benjamin, 2019). 9 Beauty AI hoped to provide valuable information concerning their participants' health through processing their photos to develop effective ways of slowing down aging while helping them look both beautiful and healthy. Thus, the overwhelming whiteness of all winners in the AI beauty contest together with the conflation of the socially biased notions on health and beauty led to the coding that darker people are both unfit and unhealthy. These assumptions are at the heart of the eugenic policies ideology and scientific racism. Thus, racism is taking new forms in the advanced technological world because the creators can embed their prejudices into their algorithms. 

Colorism is a major problem facing people of color in the US. Colorism refers to a process that tends to make the light-skinned individuals privileged over the dark-skinned in areas such as housing, income, marriage market, and education. Notably, people of color such as Asian Americans, Latinos, and African Americans are continuously denied fair competition for jobs, access to resources, and schooling. Currently, colorism is an often-overlooked issue in the process of racial discrimination. Unlike racial identity, which is a social concept, colorism is concerned with the actual skin tone of an individual. In colorism, light-skinned people from the same groups of color tend to enjoy privileges, which are unavailable to their dark-skinned families. For instance, the light-skinned parties tend to earn more money, live in significantly better neighborhoods, earn more money and marry in high-status communities compared to other parties of the same ethnicity or race. Colorism behavior is directed to individuals with darker skin color. This form of discrimination is visible in various parts of the world. As an approach to avoid these discriminations most people have decided to bleach their skin colors to avoid racial terrorism and prejudice that currently exists. Biakolo (2016) asserts that in recent years the use of chemical products to achieve a lighter skin tone has been on the rise, with countries such as India recorded to have used 258 tons of skin-lightening creams in 2012. 10 A survey in Lagos Nigeria confirmed that around 77% of all the residents use skin lightening creams. Additionally, globalization of beauty and skin lightening creams is significantly making slimness trendy in Nigeria (Onishi, 2002). 11 The skin-lightening products is a 10 billion industry, with countries in the Middle East, Latin America, Caribbean, and Africa paying a significant role towards its growth. According to Mire (2020), advertisements emphasizing increased pigmentation as an unhealthy process towards premature aging have significantly facilitated the promotion of whitening products to all women. 12 Biakolo (2016) indicates that skin lightening products have significant side effects such as permanent scarring, itchy and flaky skin, rashes, and skin cancer. 13 It is important to note that skin lightening is a direct outcome of colorism and its disparities in social treatment and US prison sentencing. Therefore, it is clear that people are risking their lives because of the desire to experience less discrimination and prejudice because of their skin toning. 

The systems of racial discrimination operate in two levels, which are color and race. At the race level all Asians, blacks, or Latinos can be discriminated against regardless of their physical appearance. At this level, all African Americans regardless of their skin tone are subject to second-class citizenship, denigration, and any form of discrimination because of their race. At the race level, racism is systematic and tends to have both material and ideological consequences. According to Metzl (2019), it is impossible to address the racism issue at the race level by sensitizing people or trying to change their minds. 14 Notably, racism is a concept that does not commonly appear in people’s conversations. However, racism is a concept that significantly affects populations when its underlying anxieties and resentments shape policies and larger politics. Metzl (2019) discusses an issue whereby racism can cause disasters in public. 15 He asserts that race can remain an issue if the elected officials pass policies that reject health care reforms, or undercut the social safety nets programs. Research in Tennesse, Missouri, and Kansas confirmed that the racially driven policies in these areas functioned as risk factors for all the people (Metzl, 2019). 16 Thus, racism at the race level functions systematically and can have negative repercussions for all people in a certain ethnic group. 

Blacks generally face a certain level of discrimination because of their race as blacks. Maxwell and Solomon (2018) indicate that structural racism is a form that exposes several black women and children to harmful stressors in the criminal justice system. Maxwell and Solomon (2018) indicate that there has been a significant increase in the number of women incarcerated in the US over the years. In 2017, there were a total of 219,000 women incarcerated, which was a significant growth from 26,000 in 1989. Notably, black women are disproportionately represented in the incarceration rates. According to Maxwell and Solomon (2018), black women are twice likely to be incarcerated, compared to whites. 17 Maxwell and Solomon (2018) assert that Young black women aged between 18 and 19 years are three times more likely to be imprisoned compared to the whites within the same age bracket. 18 In the already existing discrimination among the blacks, colorism tends to influence the intensity, frequency, and outcomes of the experiences, which differ dramatically depending on the skin tone. Colorism is the second system of racial discrimination, which operates at the level of skin tones. For instance, colorism acts making the lighter-skinned black Americans earn significantly higher than the dark-skinned Black Americans. Therefore, the dark-skinned black American can experience both racism and color-based biases at the same time. Thus, the color and race systems of discrimination are different but inextricably connected. 

Racism and colorism are connected and mutually reinforcing. According to Hunter (2016), colorism operates as a subsystem of structural racism. 19 In a system of structural racism, Latinos and African Americans' skin tones are subject to prejudice and discrimination because they are simply members of those racial groups. The skin-color bias, which often occurs unconsciously affects many interactions involving students, teachers, and families in a certain school. Colorism can occur in the teacher-student interactions, classroom dynamics, school discipline procedures, peer interactions, and family-school interactions. In all these dimensions, colorism plays a significant role in the inequality schooling outcomes for both African Americans and Latinos. Notably, there are significant differences in the color-based discrimination between girls and boys, which are particularly based on the criteria of status among peers and physical attractiveness. Hunter (2016) asserts that dark-skinned girls are more likely to experience name-calling and teasing compared to boys. 20 It is important to note that the racialized beauty norms among Latinos and Black Americans tend to enhance the importance of physical appearance for girls, thus making the light skin significantly unique for their social status. Additionally, co-curricular activities such as sports teams, homecoming queen elections, and student government organizations tend to provide other opportunities for skin color to become important among both boys and girls. 

Colorism is a form of discrimination that has its roots in multiple historical genealogies, in which most are directly associated with slavery in the Americas and European colonization. According to Hunter (2016), the European colonial project in the Americas had as its basis an ideology of European superiority, which included religion, language, bodily aesthetics, and culture. 21 Consequently, the Europeans elevated the status of the blonde-haired, pale-skinned, and blue-eyed, which influenced the colonized towards internalizing the dominant colonial ideology. Despite, the enslaved Africans and indigenous people resisting the European Superiority ideologies, their cultural norms became ubiquitous in the society. Colorism among African Americans tends to have its roots in the US slavery system. Hunter (2016) asserts that in the slavery system, the lighter-skinned Blacks were often given more desirable jobs and other privileges on the plantations than their darker brothers and sisters. 22 These are some of the ways the White Southerners and slave owners were able to build divisions among the enslaved Africans as an approach to minimize their power. After the abolition of slavery, the color hierarchies tend to be reinforced by the African Americans and Whites who preferred the growing light-skinned professionals over the darker-skinned. 

Multimedia messages of white beauty and sophistication and the globalization of media outlets play a significant role in discrimination based on color. Hussein (2010) asserts that the contemporary media in all colored communities tends to strongly reinforce preference on the lighter skin colors. 23 Notably, the transnational mass media promotes a global homogenized body image, which is telecasted worldwide. Hussein (2010) portrays a case in which Caucasian models in most African and Asian beauty products advertisements support the desire for non-white women to have lighter skin, whereby they insinuate the possibility of the wish through the application of various products. 24 The access to American and European music and programs from various parts of the world promotes Caucasians as the beauty ideals. Additionally, media personalities such as actresses, actors, show hosts, and models from the colored regions are mainly light-skinned. According to Hussein (2010), the popular internationally known beauty symbol of India Aishwariya Rai, who won Miss World in 1996, and was classified as the most beautiful woman in the world by Oprah is light-skinned, tall, slim with grey-green eyes, which are uncommon characteristics for an average Indian girl. 25 Additionally, Rai was termed as the adulated lady of the world by Time Magazine. The story of India's first model Lakshmi Menon whose dark skin acted as an invisible barrier shows how colorism exists for the average Indian girl (Gosai, 2010). 26 Thus, it is evident that media personalities and the global medial influences offer an avenue for self-surveillance as well as the internationalism of the skincare products (Onishi, 2002). 27 These regimes encourage a desire for skin-lightening products, which further discriminates against the dark-skinned in the colored communities. 

Racialism and colorism are forms of discrimination affecting students. The learners' schooling experiences are impacted mainly by their interactions with their teachers and peers. However, the relationship between the students’ families and their instructors play a significant role, which should not be underestimated. For instance, in the high-income schools, some parents are termed as the helicopters, who tend to be closely involved with schoolwork and students' teachers. Additionally, in lower-income schools, parents are significantly involved in school, whereby they are asked to volunteer in running certain basic services of the institution. Notably, students whose, parents advocate for them tend to have a positive schooling experience and academic success. Hunter (2015) indicates that many factors influence parental advocacy effectiveness in schools such as the English language skills, parental educational levels, and skin tone. In advocating with the administrators and teachers, the light-skinned parents of color tend to have an advantage over their darker-skinned counterparts. 28 According to Hunter (2015), light eyes, light skin tone, long straight hair, and Anglo features are racial capital aspects that are capable of providing status in the interactions. 29 It is important to note that people of color are aware of the racial capital and are increasingly buying various body technologies such as skin bleaching and cosmetic creams in the whole world. Many people are aware of the racial capital with its capability to be transformed into economic gains. 

Racism and colorism are aspects that significantly influence students' success. As noted, parents who advocate effectively for their children increase their chances to succeed in schools. Hunter (2015) indicates that there is an increased chance of a Black kid with a white parent to succeed compared to a black student with black parents. 30 Some of the reasons for this difference are white parents have more racial status, which gives them a significant amount of power compared to the parents of color. Notably, most teachers in the United States are whites, which means that white parents have a significantly high chance of communicating and influencing them compared to the parents of color. It is important to note that mixed-race or light-skinned students of color tend to have a white parent who can advocate for them. Thus, the white's parent's racial status helps in ameliorating certain racism effects that could be facing the students of color in the school. Therefore, the light skin privilege that the student enjoys in schools is not only an outcome of their interactions. Instead, the kind of racial capital that they possess through their parents increases their access to education. 

Mass incarcerations and infant mortality are some of the major issues that are affecting black communities in the United States. Maxwell and Solomon (2018) assert that the death rates of infants born to black mothers are twice higher compared to those of white mothers. 31 The structural form of racism contributes directly to these differences in death rates and mass incarcerations. Maxwell and Solomon (2018) define structural racism as a system of institutional practices, public policies, and cultural representations, which work towards reinforcing ways that perpetuate racial inequality. 32 The United States criminal justice system is one of the sectors that exhibit structural racism. The system has the highest rates of incarceration in the world with most of the people incarcerated being communities of color. The African American group is mainly affected, whereby they are five times more likely to be imprisoned compared to white Americans. Hunters' (2016) research has documented the color-based discrimination that exists in the African American sentencing phases. 33 The African Americans who are darker-skinned with more Anglo facial features tend to receive longer sentences than the lighter-skinned counterparts for the same crimes. Therefore, judges, attorneys, juries, and other law enforcement professionals are all subject to the internalized norms of color and race in the US, which plays a significant role in the incarceration and sentencing levels. 

Discipline procedures in school are directly connected to the color and race hierarchies. According to Hunter (2016), there are profound inequalities in schools in the disciplining procedures of Latino and African American boys. These boys from the minority groups in the US are more likely to be removed from class, experience a suspension, or get expelled completely compared to their white counterparts. According to Hunter (2016), these rates of expulsion, and suspension among the minority communities are disproportionately high such that major civil rights organizations such as NAACP have filed several lawsuits against various school districts. 34 Notably, there is a disproportionate disciplining of students of color due to the increased application of police in Latina and Black schools, and the growth of the zero-tolerance discipline policies in the institutions. More so, the increased punitive juvenile justice policies that are passed in the legislature have played a significant role in the disproportionate discipline of students of color. It is important to note that the school discipline system is closely linked to the formal juvenile system. Thus, the unequal school discipline rates tend to have significant implications for the incarceration rates among students of color. Therefore, the learners who are formally disciplined in school are at a higher risk of being incarcerated in the adult criminal justice system, a phenomenon referred to as the school-to-prison pipeline. It should be noted that like the criminal justice professionals who act according to the internalized norms, principals, teachers, school police, as well as other administrators, act in the same manner. Racial and color-based biases that saturate the American culture tend to influence professionals in their judgment. For instance, when punishing students the educational professionals rely on the biases in the culture. The darker-skinned students of color tend to experience harsher school discipline as well as be handed over to the criminal justice system compared to the lighter-skinned learners who are similar to them in other aspects. 

Color and racial-based biases in decision-making entrapping today's poor have their roots in historical institutions. According to Eubanks (2017), the high-tech polish of the decision-making system, predictive analytics, and data mining retain the aspects of the poor houses of the past. 35 The digital tools are created from the moralistic and punitive views of poverty whereby they lead to the creation of high-tech investigation and containment. Notably, the digital poor houses of today tend to deter the poor from accessing public resources, while policing their spending, labor, sexuality, and parenting. Additionally, they try to predict their future behaviors, while criminalizing and punishing all the people that fail to comply with what the system dictates. In its working processes, the automated decision-making systems develop distinctions between the undeserving and the deserving poor, which are the categorizations rationalizing the countries’ failures in caring for one another. 

Poor houses offer the foundations for the strategies used in caring for the poor. Eubanks (2017) asserts that the poorhouses were used as the nation's major methods of addressing poverty. 36 Josiah Quincy III who was assigned the role of running one of the poor houses in Massachusets was from a wealthy and influential Unitarian family. Quincy who genuinely wanted to alleviate suffering believed that poverty resulted from bad personal habits. Thus, he classified the paupers as, the impotent who were incapable of working because of corporeal debility, infancy, sickness, and old age. The second group was termed as able poor, whereby he explained that they were just shirking. He emphasized the need to use a discriminate approach in offering help to the poor, and in one condition accepting to be admitted in the poor houses. These institutions were run in harsh conditions as an approach to deter the working poor from seeking any kind of help. However, the mandate to deter the poor affected the institution’s ability to avail any help to the poor. 

The communities of color were overrepresented in the poor houses. According to Eubanks (2017), the African Americans were overrepresented in the city's poor houses because they were denied any kind of outdoor relief by the exclusive white oversees of the poor projects. 37 In states from Connecticut to California, residents termed as colored, Negro, Black, Chinese, mulatto, and Mexican were the majority in the poor houses. Notably, the ethnic and racial integration of the poor houses was never a place for the white and native-born elites. The poor houses which were the last resort for the freed slaves, handicapped, immigrants, and aged also acted as prisons for the people arrested for drunkenness, vagrancy, and illicit sex (Eubanks, 2017). 38 The American elites believed that poverty ought to be obliterated, by such means as allowing them to perish. These institutions succeeded by producing both fear and hastening their deaths. According to Eubanks (2017), scientific charity is another approach through which Americans automated inequality. 39 These institutions emphasized the need to use scientific approaches in separating the deserving poor from the undeserving. The in-depth investigations for the application of relief food sought to avoid the provision of aid to the unworthy poor, which would allow their survival and reproduction of the genetically inferior stock. 

White supremacy is an aspect that can be traced from the focus of the eugenics movement. According to Eubanks (2017), the eugenics movement among the British emphasized the need to have planned breeding of the elites as an approach to propel all their noble qualities. 40 On the other hand, the eugenics movement among the Americans sought to eliminate the negative characteristics of the poor such as criminality, low intelligence, and sexuality. To aid in these procedures, significant data were collected concerning the poor, whereby they were measured their heads, took photographs, and counted with the written books filled with descriptions such as harlot, imbecile, dependent, and feeble-minded. Eugenics movement played a significant role in the white supremacy that was observed in the US in the 1980s. According to Eubanks (2017), the white race was protected by restrictive immigration laws and Jim Crow rules that were institutionalized from Eugenics movements results. 41 The movement was responsible for racist beliefs about how African Americans were innately superior (Eze, 1998). 42 In fitter family contests eugenics exhibits always portrayed alabaster-skinned winners in state fairs. On the other hand, the economically struggling who were racialized had lower brows, dark skin, and broader features. Thus, the scientific charities considered the African American poverty as different from that of the Whites, hence offering resources to the deserving poor white. Therefore, these institutions significantly inform the automated decision-making systems that entrap today's poor. 

Colorism is a form of discrimination that was firmly established in the Spanish colonial practices. Spanish practices that elevated colorism among the Latinos were the denigration of language, culture, religion, political system, and aesthetics of the Africans and the indigenous individuals within the region. During Spanish colonialism, the dark-skinned individuals were relegated to low-status roles in both the economic and social status realms. Hunter (2016) notes that the colorism system that was established by the Spanish colonizers was also embraced by the white Americans who colonized the now Southwestern US. 43 Colorism has a strong historical legacy among both African Americans and Latinos. These forms of discrimination are reinforced today in various social life dimensions including educational experiences, employment opportunities, and criminal justice sentencing. Hunter (2016) indicates that colorism tends to value and elevate white and Anglo aesthetics, which makes positive traits to be associated with whiteness while negative aspects are associated with Blackness, including poverty. 44 Thus, the colorism historical legacy works collaboratively with the contemporary forms of white racism, leading to the valorization of whiteness around the world. 

Notably, skin color which also occurs unconsciously is more significant in the 21 st century, because of the increased multiracial communities that are resulting from increased immigration and interracial unions. Skin color form of discrimination remains significant in both public and private institutions because it is an observable fact which is irrefutable and impossible to hide. On the other hand, racism is evident in government policies and functions. Therefore, racism and colorism are forms of discrimination that are significantly affecting people of color in healthcare, economy, politics, education, and criminal justice systems within the US and Europe. 

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