Meningococcal Disease Control
The article, “University-Based Outbreaks of Meningococcal Disease Caused by Serogroup B, United States, 2013–2018” by Soeters et al., (2019) focused on collecting information related to the effects of the occurrence of Meningococcal disease which is caused by serogroup B at the university level. The examination of the effects of this disease focused on analyzing the number of cases from different universities including both private takings into consideration the response to vaccination of such diseases. The authors focused on a comparison between the existing number of victims affected by the diseases and the resulting across the United States. In collecting the data, there was an application of meta-analysis approach because the information was collected from different sources thus using a statistical calculation to come up with reliable information related to the rate at which meningococcal disease occurred in the United States and response to vaccination. The previous research took into consideration the fact that serogroup B is the leading cause of Meningococcal disease and it is responsible for the occurrence of the disease among university students in the United States.
Meta-analysis was used in the research method because researchers focused on analyzing data collected and reported to different research organizations from the year 2013 to 2018. After collecting and comparing the information, a statistical analysis was applied to identify the aggregate prevalence of university students to meningococcal disease and response to vaccination. For example, the information collected from the CDC which is presented to this body by the state health departments as a way of improving health conditions for university students. Information was also obtained from the notifiable disease surveillance system that was applied in ensuring that there is a collection of adequate information about the trends of the disease since the year 2013 (Soeters et al., 2019). The data also originated from seven states and researchers compiled the data to identify how the information from the different states to identify the effects of the meningococcal disease in the year disease in the United States focusing on university students.
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Survey played an essential role in collecting information related to the occurrence of meningococcal disease and response to vaccination. For instance, surveillance was conducted in the year 2015 with an objective of identifying variables such as activities designed to increase the availability of information related to causes of the disease. The primary objective of this survey was to identify whether there existed other causes of the outbreaks that were not accounted for in the previous studies. The research focused on an analysis across 10 universities that accounted for approximately 35,000 undergraduates. The finding indicated that serogroup B remained the predominant cause of the outbreak. The analysis of the reports from different universities did not account for any discrepancy in the research methods and results obtained. Though the information was collected from different state universities in the region, the findings and reports obtained from every year indicated that serogroup B remained the leading factor that caused meningococcal disease across the state universities. The reported impacts of the disease across the United States also showed men vaccination B was one of the leading factors that caused the disease among university students.
Summary of Articles
The article, “Analytical study of associated risk factors of type 2 diabetes mellitus
Among rural population aged 40 years and above,” by Farooq et al., (2013) focuses on analyzing the extent to which diabetes has become a killer disease in different areas across the world. In the introduction part, the authors recognize diabetes as the most killer non-communicable disease across the world with humanitarian, social, and economic consequences. In an attempt of calling adequate information related to the causes and impacts of diabetes II mellitus, the researchers focused on several contributing factors such as stress, family history related to diabetes, hypertension, and alcohol consumption thus identifying their impacts on the level of diabetes. Regarding the factors associated with diabetes, the finding of the research revealed that people in society found a positive relationship between hypertension, alcohol, stress, and family history on the level of diabetes. Though the researchers gave figures about the deaths associated with diabetes at the international level in the year 2007, the research finding was related to the effects in India. The results showed that 246 million people across the world live with diabetes with 5.9% adults living with diabetes which is likely to rise to 7.9% by the year 2025.
The article, "providers' perspective on diabetes case management: a descriptive study," by Fang et al., (2013) focused on analyzing the effects care providers on understanding the effects of treatment when caregivers work with managers. The results indicated that physicians felt comfortable when working with case managers and they gave efficient treatment when working with case managers. The research was conducted on a sample population, and they evaluated the effects of different treatment approaches used by nurses and their impacts on the treatment process. The research was conducted at the Minneapolis Veterans Health Care System (MVHCS). The results were accessed on the basis of whether nurses were able to achieve therapeutic goals by administering treatment to people with diabetes in the presence and absence of case managers. The findings showed that people in the society revealed a positive relationship between the treatment for people with diabetes and the presence of case managers.
Though the two articles focused on analyzing the elements of diabetes by either focusing on treatment and increase in the population living with diabetes, it is evident that there are similarities and differences associated with these two articles. For example, the first article focuses on an analytical study of diabetes by providing an analysis of the number of people living with diabetes in the year 2007 and comparing such number with that of people expected to live with diabetes in the year 2025. For example, the analysis is done in terms of percentages, and they show that the number of people who have diabetes will increase by the year 2025. Though the article emphasizes the global perspective, they compare countries arguing that India is the country with the largest population living with diabetes. Similarly, the second article analyzes the effects of diabetes from the effects of treatment in the presence and absence of case managers. However, there is no comparison of the impact of treatment in different areas or comparison between people living in different periods. Both articles gave time and places of the period when the research occurred, but they differ in research method and presentation of results.
Protecting research participants
The national antibiotics commission highlights that no research participant should be engaged in an investigation without the assurance of protection against any risk that would occur in the research field. As a result, the commission highlights some of the mechanisms applicable to creating ways for protecting research participants. The recommendations are tailored to meet some obligations such as the need for adapting the proposals according to their structure. In the first category, the participants' recommendation plan is designed according to the scope and structure of the oversight system. In this case, the federal system should take responsibility for protecting the research participants by requiring an independent review of benefits and risks thus coming up with a voluntary informed consent (National Bioethics Advisory Commission, 2016). This protection should cover participants both in the public and private sponsored research. The federal system ensures that there is a protection of all research participants by creating a legislation office that can lead and coordinate the oversight system. Research should also be tailored to cover human participants whenever the research is tailored in such a way that participants are exposed to manipulations, interventions, observations, and any other type of interactions.
The authors of the article also called for the need of all parties such as education, training, and accreditation to play an essential role in determining the extent to which participants in any form of research are protected. The research participants should be significantly involved in reviewing research participants by reviewing or overseeing research in an ethically sound manner. In an attempt of achieving this policy, there is a need for ensuring that all educational programs play an essential role in providing education to research participants regarding the ethics to appropriate institutional investigators, and the institutional review board of members (National Bioethics Advisory Commission, 2016). The federal government together with the academic and professional societies should be able to train all the research participants in a manner such that they acquire expected ethics that can govern operations of individuals in the community. Assessi9ng and monitoring compliance is also an essential aspect of ensuring that research participants are protected from any form of risk that would accrue in the research field. For instance, researchers need to identify the criteria and selection of institutional review board of members with relevant expertise and experience in ensuring that people acquire the expected needs associated with research. There should be a provision of guidance for accessing the risks and potential benefits that would be able to improve the research welfare of the participants.
References
Ercan-Fang, N., Gujral, K., Greer, N., & Ishani, A. (2013). Providers' perspective on diabetes case management: a descriptive study. The American journal of managed care , 19 (1), 29-32.
Farooq, Irfan, Binadar, & Iti, (2015). “ Analytical study of associated risk factors of type 2 diabetes mellitus among the rural population aged 40 years and above,” International journal of Biomedical and Advance Research. Volume 6, Issue 2
National Bioethics Advisory Commission. (2016). Ethical and policy issues in research involving human participants. Retrieved from: https://www.onlineethics.org/cms/8116.aspx
Soeters, H. M., McNamara, L. A., Blain, A. E., Whaley, M., MacNeil, J. R., Hariri, S., & Mbaeyi, S. A. (2019). University-Based Outbreaks of Meningococcal Disease Caused by Serogroup B, United States, 2013–2018. Emerging infectious diseases , 25 (3), 434.
