Niemiec, C. P., Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2009). The path is taken: Consequences of attaining intrinsic and extrinsic aspirations in post-college life. Journal of research in personality, 43(3), 291-306.
This article considers the aspirations of individual behavior drawn from lie goals that they set for themselves. The authors determined the consequences that arise whenever people set out to pursue and attain their aspirations in a certain period. It considered intrinsic and extrinsic motivations in people and how they determine the goals that a person sets to accomplish in life, which positively influences their psychological health. This study also examined the significance of reaching aspirations over a year’s timeframe in a post-college study, based on the self-determination theory. The outcome of the investigation proved that intrinsic and extrinsic aspirations could influence the achievement of a goal or ambition. At the same time, the ability to accomplish a purpose relies on the mental well-being of a person. The article is based on the assumption that not every goal achievement is positive, and the success of goals depends on the psychological well-being of a person. The validity of this research lies in the method used in observation, where the authors used different measures to identify the satisfaction needs of individuals.
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Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008). Facilitating optimal motivation and psychological well-being across life's domains. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 49(1), 14.
This article addresses the importance of motivation in predicting adherence, creativity, and processing of information in an individual. It focused on the self-determination theory and how it can be used to differentiate aspects of motivation in an individual including controlled and autonomous motives. According to this theory, there are different types of motivation, and each plays a crucial role when predicting life outcomes. The self-sufficient motivation in a person can predict their level of determination and devotion to achieve a purpose. This motivation is connected to the emotional health of an individual, and personal circumstance can help gratification o basic psychological need. Self-determination theory assumes that human beings are intrinsically motivated to succeed as they believe it to be a rewarding and satisfying venture. The approach differentiates intrinsic and extrinsic motivational aspects of human behavior and how it determines the conduct of a person. It has been used in a wide range of cultures and life provinces and can be applied in schooling, well-being care, and child rearing. The validity of the article comes from differentiation of motivational aspects in an individual that makes them behave in a certain way
Mischel, W., & Shoda, Y. (1995). A cognitive-affective system theory of personality: Reconceptualizing situations, dispositions, dynamics, and invariance in personality structure. Psychological Review, 102(2), 246.
This article focuses on the assumptions within cognitive units regarding beliefs that people have on personalities. The authors discussed relationship features created in different people and how they impact the psychological aspect of a person. In essence, the article examined behavior variability and personality invariance and how the two can be used in understanding behavior and personality in a person. The personality theory explains the patterns occurring in human behavior and how they act when faced with different situations. The researchers determined how personality influences the characteristics of a person and the psychological processes involved in various positions showing variability in behavior. The article sought to resolve the inconsistency in the invariance of an individual’s character and erraticism of behavior across circumstances, behavior temperaments and subtleties. It is based on individuals who are presumed to vary in expedient of cognitive useful mediating and the interactions with each other.
Moore, J. (2013). Tutorial: Cognitive psychology as a radical behaviorist views it. The Psychological Record, 63(3), 667-680.
This article advances the contribution of cognitive psychology in enhancing mentalism by considering individual behavior in how they process information. Mentalism is defined from a perspective of non-behavioral dimension to explain actions in an individual. On the other hand, cognition explains human behaviors by looking at how the mind functions and system characteristics and structure that advances behavior in an individual. Cognitive psychology can be used to support mentalism by applying to open non-behavioral conditions, procedures, and erections. The authors in this article defined the relationship between mentalism and behavior while examining the complexity arising from immense differences between the two terms. They reviewed the context of cognitive psychology compared to behaviorism and the theoretical and logical variance between the two in their illuminating practices. The validity of this study exists on the need to identify cognitive differences between factors contributing to the behavior and characteristics of a person. The authors used different mechanisms of studying cognitive behavior that showed a lack of proper structures when trying to understand human actions.
Graham, S., & Weiner, B. (2012). Motivation: Past, present, and future. APA educational psychology handbook, Vol 1: Theories, constructs, and critical issues (pp. 367-397). Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association
This article by Graham and Weiner discusses the contributions that psychologists have on motivational methods and theories. Motivation is the study of how and why an individual decides to act in a particular manner. As such, psychologists seek to understand factors driving an individual to develop conduct, and what guides, uplifts, tolerates and dismisses specific behavior in a person. The authors stated that it is possible to theorize multipart human inspiration in success by reflecting on aspects of accomplishment and how the motivation to succeed can be initiated, continued, absorbed and completed. According to the authors, understanding motivation in people entails identifying their different achievements and the shits that occur to ensure they sustain the result without losing motivation. This aspect has seen a complication of themes regarding researchers looking to study inspiration in an individual and those looking to understand the motivation to education. The validity of this study arises from conducting research on different areas and identifying motivation aspects in people.
Outline: Climate change as the behaviorist sees it
Introduction
Climate change refers to the increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the earth’s atmosphere, affecting the ozone layer and negatively impacting the climate through rising sea levels, extreme heat, melting of snow and ice caps as well as severe storms
The field of psychology can be used to understand climate change and how human beings have contributed to the escalation of the problem and develop positive measures to reduce their effect/
Statement of the problem
The problem behind the rapid increase in climate change is primarily attributed to the rise in the level of atmospheric carbon dioxide gases due to largescale use of fossil fuels. The problem is therefore blamed on human activities and their motivations to engage in such activities.
Behavioral analysis of the problem
Behaviorists can analyze the problem behind climate change by considering the role of culture. For example, Americans have a culture of using automobiles for traveling and do not show concern over any negative impact of driving vehicles.
Skinner argues that civilization was rewarded for adverse decisions such as burning fossil fuels to provide electricity for homes and gas for personal cars
Watson would say that the environment in which a person is raised is the problem behind climate change, such as lack of concern for the climate.
Motivational theorists such as Deci and Ryan argue that societies motivation of self-concern compared to global concern are attributed to climate change, for example driving to work by personal car or commuting by bicycle
Behavioral solutions to climate change
The behaviorists can provide several solutions to this problem. Use of positive reinforcement can also be a solution to reducing climate change from a behavioral aspect. The answer should focus on reducing the use of fossil fuels and adopting economic friendly measures such as electric cars and solar panels as an alternative to fossil fuels
Another solution is to provide rewards for any positive change as one way of motivating communities for positive change. For example, rewarding industries that reduce greenhouse emissions or any individual putting in efforts to mitigate climate change.
Limitations of behavioral solution
Some of the barriers to implementing the solution include a lack of government funding that would allow the use of alternative fuels and energy solutions other than fossil fuels.
The government is required to play a crucial role in facilitating these solutions through funding to reward positive initiatives to reduce climate change.
Another limitation is that societies and communities may not easily take advantage of positive solutions that can improve climate change. The culture has seen individuals unwilling to adopt positive measures such as electric cars and trains affecting the implementation of solutions.
Conclusion
The field of psychology can be used to understand the causes of climate change and develop solutions to the problem. It entails understanding the motivation behind climate chance from a behavioral perspective and developing a solution based on this identification.
References
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008). Facilitating optimal motivation and psychological well-being across life's domains. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 49(1), 14.
Graham, S., & Weiner, B. (2012). Motivation: Past, present, and future. APA educational psychology handbook, Vol 1: Theories, constructs, and critical issues (pp. 367-397). Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association
Mischel, W., & Shoda, Y. (1995). A cognitive-affective system theory of personality: Reconceptualizing situations, dispositions, dynamics, and invariance in personality structure. Psychological Review, 102(2), 246.
Moore, J. (2013). Tutorial: Cognitive psychology as a radical behaviorist views it. The Psychological Record, 63(3), 667-680.
Niemiec, C. P., Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2009). The path is taken: Consequences of attaining intrinsic and extrinsic aspirations in post-college life. Journal of research in personality, 43(3), 291-306.
