There are specific functions and physical preparedness required for the development of technical skills in Taekwondo (TKD). Through the setting in the usage of expertise in TKD, the athletes have displayed improvement in the physical level of TKD. It is therefore advised as important to take in TKD abilities in traditional physical approaches to organize TKD athlete to handle the physiological as well as metabolic strains of the competition in TKD. It is essential to note that the performance of TKD skills deprived of an explicit incorporated physical objective may appear not sufficient to develop the entire fitness mechanisms in TKD.
Being Korean traditional martial arts, Taekwondo is one of the most systematic, fighting sport that has achieved the international status by being present amongst the Olympic Games official sport ever since the Sydney Competitions of the year 2000. Through the WTF (World Taekwondo Federation) Taekwondo was defined as the best method of making use of entire parts of the body to end conflicts and assist in building a healthier world that is more peaceful. The physical aspects of TKD are very different from many other related martial arts as it is vibrant with actions that are active that combine numerous foot skills (Haddad et al., 2015). Through the specific functions and physical preparedness, the development of TKD technical expertise and its excellence is achieved.
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The performance analysis is the primary objective that provides trainer with the information about the team or individual performance. The national study is an important system of recording performance, which in turn provides qualitative and quantitative feedbacks that are essential in the improvement of performance process. In the TKD contests, the use of the national system to analyze matches presents a valuable practical tool that has been employed in the recent years. The method of analysis is important based on the specificity of TKD competition where the ancient methods that were used to assess physical factors during real contests are virtually unmanageable. Furthermore, match analysis in TKD helps to describe the performance by coding the action of the competitor that has relevance to both the trainer and the athlete.
Many studies have made use of match analysis in Taekwondo to determine the temporal structure as well as the technical and tactical aspects of competitions. The recent studies tried to experiment the various activity periods in TKD matches e.g. the fighting and non-fighting undertakings. The studies also sought to investigate the technical and tactical specificities of TKD by calculating the number of offensive or defensive techniques and their relative appearance to numerous variables: competition levels, some techniques executed, weight categories, combat stage, and match outcome. In a viewpoint of statistics, the method is seen to be a reliable way for assessing different performance in TKD performances.
Due to the difficult in conducting a physiological measurement during an official TKD contest, an important method to have information for training prescription is to understand time organization of the activity. The method entails definition of various types of events as well as the different time segments. The competing period involved an exchange between competitors, with an objective of attaining and preventing a point of technical knockout. The period of competing was initiated when the opponent moved from a fighting position to an exchange stance and stopped once the final execution is complete. Precisely, the fighting period starts when one leg or hand moves to initiate the attack (Haddad et al., 2015). The fighting time is measured and finished when the leg or the hand that supplied the last punch or kick, of the accomplishment return to the floor. Another stance that the fight is considered finished is when the punching or obstructing limb is withdrawn when there is a knockdown, or the referee uses the end hand sign. The non-fighting activities are considered, like the competitors observing each other and preparing for action, as the entire time without attack. There is the combination of the time that the TKD athletes perform without fighting stances, with the objective of reestablishing a suitable range and position to recommence a preliminary activity. The non-fighting time begins when the competitor moves out of action position and stops when a fighting position is advanced or if a stoppage ensues. The stoppage time is the period that the contest was interrupted by specific occurrences like injury or penalty stoppages. The intention of all these activities is to allow for easy identification of the starting point and the stoppage. The training programs are more specified and individualized through the time structure. The time structure concentrates principally on the weight categories, tournament level, contest stages, the outcome of matches and gender. The activities during the TKD competition and the time structure vary with weight classifications.
Technical and Tactical Analysis of Tkd Combats
The points in the Taekwondo contest are attained by use of foot techniques i.e. sending a kick by the utilization of any part of the leg below the ankle, or fist technique or punching a tightly clasped fist or commonly known as the torso. The points are given when an allowed technique is delivered accurately and firmly to the permitted scoring parts of the body and strictly accurate to the approved scoring parts of the head. There can be an occurrence of a match win through straight knockout or by summarized points. The point gap is the method used where if an opponent leads the contest with twelve point gap the game is ended before time and the leader victors by dominance. The technical and tactical demand in TKD is essential for the trainer's knowledge that helps them train the competitors more effectively for the contest conditions. Thus the analysis of techniques on where they fail or excel helps the trainers as well as the sports experts in their aim to analyze performance at different levels of the progress of competitors. A lot of trainers use the template of tactical play in their standard of preparation and training for both the experienced competitors and for the development of young athletes who are inspired to attain highest positions.
When performing TKD skills without specific real objectives, it would appear not enough to improve all the physical qualities of the athletes. Historically taekwondo was established through the sequential order of four diverse ages: The Ancient periods, Middle Centuries, Modern Years and Current Times. Currently, TKD consist of five working out modalities; Kibon (Basics), Poomsae (Forms), Hosinsul (Self-defense), Kyokpa (Infraction) and Kyorugi (Combat). The Form (Poomsae) and Combats (Kyorugi) are the only training modalities that are performed in competitions (Son, 2012).
The basic techniques like kicking, punching, as well as blocking are executed using or not using a sparring companion in various stances i.e. with active movements or motionless position. Different predetermined configurations of basic patterns are referred to the forms or poomsae. The referred forms are the basics of taekwondo, they are reasonably complex and are separated into forms for learners and established specialists. There consist eight forms for junior belts (taeguek poomsae) and nine masters that are for the black belt (yudanja poomsae). In all the forms they entail blocking, punching, kicking and leaping, twisting, turning or jumping activities done at great concentration and includes a series of breaks. The aim of the poomsae form is to train the methodological skills and improve the physical capability as well as health, and they are accomplished at TKD contests.
The sparing form (kyorugi) comprises combination technics, sparring drills, step sparring and free sparing. Kyorugi entails the guard ability or ability to attack using feet and arms. Kyorugi make use of the attack and defensive technique about partner attack or defense. It has special motion patterns that use feet and hands efficiently in a design movement model that aim to attain a particular resolution. Kyorugi includes altering of directions, strong critical power by use of feet (change) and use of hands (Jireugui), motion skills as well as high razed leg techniques that make kyorugi the general expression of Taekwondo.
During international competitions like the Olympic Games and based on the World Taekwondo Federation rules, taekwondo contest is made of three rounds of two-minute fighting and one minute for recovery between the rounds. During the match, the player ought to put on protective gear to inhibit harms and adhere to the laid down rules and guidelines. In the contest, harmless kyorugi techniques help to gain points.
Taekwondo uses various ranges of techniques by use of leg (Tae) as well as hand (Kwon). Poomsae stands as a structured form that combines legs and hand techniques but in kyorugi, athletes are allowed to use any method to gain additional points. The perfect kyorugi skill brings together the plain leg technique and the high-level skill to build a steady body movement, provide the power and attack the aim in a precise short period. All the taekwondo skills can be used in the specified drill to enhance the fitness and strategic level. The utmost famous kick skill used in kyorugi contest is a Bandal Chagui compared to sprints which they show a similar response.
Bandal Chagui remains a multiplanar technique that starts with kicking the feet and moving in a curve towards the front of the knee in a chambered situation. The knee is stretched in a retorting movement, striking the challenger with metatarsal portion of the stretched foot. The main strength of Bandal Chagui is that the kick can be certainly attuned according to the target space during the contest. Even though a extended kick is more challenging to accomplish than a standard or shortened kick, it can stand essential in scoring marks in an unanticipated attack. Through the examination the influence force and execution period in Bandal Chagui are effective, and implementation distance is flexible. The Bandal Chagui has shown higher and extreme impact effect for experienced participants than the new challengers. Moreover, experienced competitors are stronger in longer distance kicks than beginner competitors. Through study, it has been revealed that the execution Space does not affect the impact might as the participant grade upsurges.
Due to the shortened bouts of speedy and high-intensity activities separated by less violent actions, various studies have revealed that TKD requires both aerobic as well as anaerobic physical suitability to be established. The anaerobic metabolic system delivers the short speedy all outbursts of intense authority in the course of contests. The aerobic structure helps the TKD participants' with the capability to withstand effort for the entire period of the game and recuperate in the short periods of break. This minimizes the struggle during the contest as well as an efficient recovery in the process of contests. Planning of TKD training for contests is, therefore, important as it helps to develop levels, from the young stage grounding on the progress and meet the physical features of the youngsters. Use of TKD techniques seems to progress the physical standard of both the young and elite athletes. It is therefore recommended for TKD skills to be incorporated into the conventional physical training techniques to prepare the athletes to manage the physiological and metabolic strains of competition.
Aerobic Training
Combat performances need aerobic training due to the level of aerobic required to sustain the effort during the entire contest. The competitor, also, needs to recover during the break period of rest as well as recover between the contests. Aerobic working out could also intensify the anaerobic verge by cultivating permission of lactate from the training muscles. In the course of the Poomsae and Kyorugi training, the workout, concentration stimulates the circulatory structure above the aerobic exercise verge (Haddad et al., 2015). The level of aerobic capacity varies between the Poomsae and Kyorugi competition. The kyorugi competition which is encompassed in the Olympic Games needs an advanced capacity level of aerobic than Poomsae competition. Kicking as well as punching are said to have considerably higher workout heart rate than repeatedly performed forms.
Furthermore, to attain the necessary high physical level of taekwondo Olympic competition, the trainers need to lay emphasis on effective detailed training to progress the physical fitness. Particular taekwondo technical training permits for the preservation or even progress of cardiac suitability at the level that is required for contest preparation. Suggestions for particular taekwondo functional interval exercise relates to ninety to ninety-five percent of maximum heart frequency, which can be castoff as an actual training approach to improve aerobic ability in taekwondo. In the study that compares the specific as well as the nonspecific TKD exercise, it has revealed that TKD specified technical abilities like Bandal Chagui executed at high rate induce HR reactions comparable to those of running in high concentration interval exercise which in turn has been seen to be active in improving the athletes' resilience. In this case, it can be viewed that connection of the exercising stress enacted on the athlete in the course of specific as well as nonspecific exercise can improve aerobic wellbeing (Johnson, 2016). As a result, using appropriate taekwondo kicking movements can be useful to bring more diversity during training, cooperating physical and technical aspect of taekwondo while attaining the equivalent training results as nonspecific working out.
Anaerobic Training
It is understood that taekwondo contests comprise of shortened times of sporadic, high-intensity activities which are frequently repetitive in the course of the contest. Thus the performance of the athletes is determined by the anaerobic energy pathway to produce energy used for attacking and defensive activities. It has been shown that contest inflicts high demand on short-term anaerobic presentation, capability and the aptitude to recover, but with slight fatigue through the high intensity of alternating workout. The TKD trainers should encourage on high-intensity interval training to prepare the competitor on handling the metabolic as well as physiologic demand of the contest. Instructors may use an appropriate training by means of a variety of taekwondo techniques to enhance anaerobic exercise.
Muscle Strength, Power, And Speed
Taekwondo is regarded as by high and fast thrills, which need the greatest level of speed and power. The Neuromuscular units that regulator the lower part of the limbs is necessary for fiery kicking, jumping and upholding positions. The studies that investigate the end result of TKD exercise on muscle power have no conclusion, but only a single study that examined the result of low-frequency TKD working out on speed and found no substantial development in quickness as well as swiftness. The results may have resulted to the significances in the low number of training sessions or insufficient motivation provoking speed and velocity developments. To enhance the muscle strength and explosiveness, there should be emphases on complementary training and for high frequency, adjunction of muscle strengthening periods should be analyzed (Haddad et al., 2015). The use of plyometric exercises should also be encouraged during high-intensity interval exercises as it is essential for improvement of strength, speed, and power in the competitors.
Resistance training periods practiced with the use elastic bands had special effects on the athletes striking power. The elastic band effectiveness on resistance force varies according to the weight of the elastic band e.g. elastic bands that consisted 14.5kg resistance potency had higher affectivity compared to the band with 7.25 kg resistance as well as the periods done without the elastic bands. It is, therefore, advisable to use elastic bands with different elasticity in the different TKD techniques with the aim of enhancing the impact of striking skills during the Taekwondo contests. The resistance of the elastic band may also show a discrepancy depending on the face or torso level in the place where the practical skills are supplied (Haddad et al., 2015). By the use of elastic bands in technical TKD training, the strength influence of the strike could be enhanced owing to it being in route with the kinetic as well as kinematical sequence i.e. the hip, knees, and ankle undertaking. The elastic bands are therefore beneficial in the TKD training in the enhancement of striking force of the athletes permitting them to also increase their methodical striking quickness as the elites need to reveal significant striking effects. The use of procedural strikes should be done at an intense speed and strength. Certainly, the resistance exercise periods implemented with maximum enhanced power would increase the swiftness as well as the fiery force of taekwondo competitors.
The regaining breaks, duration, intensity, as well as frequency are seen as essential variables associated with resistance in the training prescriptions. The inter-set recovery time should be outlined according to the competitors' age. Grounded on the hormonal reactions, jumping performances, phosphocreatine resynthesis, sprint period and strength restoration, the adult resistance research recommended recovery time of between 2-5 minutes for adults. Based on various studies it is recommended that the rest should have intervals of less than one to two minutes for the youth succeeding a set of maximum intensity resistance exercise, which would be essential to reduce tiredness by lowering force, effort or power.
Conclusion
Trainers should encourage the effective exercise to upgrade physical suitability and attain the necessary great physical level of Taekwondo matches i.e. Kyorugi and Poomsae. The specific Taekwondo training permits for maintenance and improvement of vascular wellness at a level that is essential for contests habituation. For athletes to be ready and capable to hold the metabolic and physiologic demand of the contest, the trainers should emphasize on high-intensity techniques interchanged with moderate intensity movements at interval training periods (Johnson, 2016). The elastic bands used in TKD training enhance the impact of the striking method during contests. These specifications permit the increase of technical striking quickness that is achieved at high speed and strength for maximum enactment. To allow the enhancement of quickness and explosive force the resistance training periods should be carried out at a maximal rate that allows swiftness and explosive power of TKD competitors.
Taekwondo: Effective Teaching Method
Haddad, M., Ouergui, I., Hammami, N. & Chamari, K. (2015). Physical Training in Taekwondo: Generic and Specific Training. High Institute of Sports and Physical Education (ISSEP) Kef, University Jendouba, Tunisia. Retrieved on 20 April 2017 from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Monoem_Haddad/publication/259494552_Physical_Training_in_Taekwondo_Generic_and_Specific_Training/links/02e7e5308c48878041000000/Physical-Training-in-Taekwondo-Generic-and-Specific-Training.pdf.
Johnson, J. A. (2016). Enhancing Taekwondo Pedagogy through Multiple Intelligence Theory. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology, 16 (3), 57–64. DOI: 10.14589/ido.16.3.7.
Son, C. (2012). Taekwondo Technical Terminologies . Seoul: Research Institute of Taekwondo Kukkiwon .
