Technology Advancement Takeover

Individuals and organizations transport more than 90% of the global trade in raw materials and goods by ships and boats. Globally, more than 1.2 million individuals work at sea ( Pribyl & Weigel , 2018) . The size of the maritime industry is huge, making economists to prefer it when measuring the global economy’s strength ( Pribyl & Weigel , 2018) . Maritime industry, an important factor to global economy, experiences current essential changes due to new technologies and automation ( Ellingsen & Aasland, 2019) . The current world is rapidly changing, leading to an era of rapid technological advancements. The fusion of data analytics, robotics, and artificial intelligence drive most operations to solve world’s future challenges ( Pribyl & Weigel , 2018) . The technology behind maritime industry remained largely outdated despite its size and importance, until the last few decades ( Ellingsen & Aasland, 2019) . The industry started integrating new technology into its operations to safeguard its competitiveness and profitability in the uncertain future of growth or decline. 

As the world progresses and new technology comes into existence, the maritime industry proposes the ideas of robotic equipment, autonomous ships, virtual twins, and smart shipping for maintenance activities ( Ellingsen & Aasland, 2019) . Although the adoption of technology in the industry experienced a lot of resistance in its initial stage, the advanced technological methods seem to control the future of shipping. Maritime industry has experienced technological advancements in its marine infrastructure and logistics, navigation aids, salvage and firefighting support, security systems and personal safety devices, and search and rescue facilities. Incorporation of new technologies and automation in this industry will have a huge impact on the industry and the world ( Ellingsen & Aasland, 2019) . The continuing evolution and implementation of new technology in the global maritime industry will create significant economic benefits and greatly increase maritime safety. 

Literature Review 

The maritime industry is going through a technology revolution. This age-old industry, which was hesitant to harness new technology until the last decade, has now taken up all-around modernization ( Ellingsen & Aasland, 2019) . Currently, the industry explores and implements new technologies in all spheres of its trade globally. Previous studies have explored issues related to the implementation of new technologies in the maritime industry. Innovation that does not add value to the associated sector cannot improve an organization's performance. As such, companies only implement technologies that are advantageous to them. The existing gap in the literature is that few scholars have explored specific impacts of technology in the maritime industry, especially economic benefits and increases in maritime safety. Therefore, this study will close this gap by researching the economic impacts of new technologies and enhancing safety. This section reviews existing literature on various aspects of the implementation of new technology in the maritime industry. 

Pribyl and Weigel (2018) explored the potential benefits of emerging technology in the maritime industry. The study acknowledged the increase in automation in the maritime industry, such as unmanned surface vessels, which can have a huge impact on technology. Some of the viable benefits associated with unmanned surface vessels include increased productivity and efficiency, improved safety, and reduced operational costs ( Pribyl & Weigel , 2018) . The unmanned vessels use artificial intelligence to ply global waters. This study, however, did not confirm the prospective benefits to determine their viability. To add to this literature, Hiekata et al. (2021) explored the impact of the deployment of the internet of things in the marine industry. The researchers simulated shipping systems including docking, fuel loading, and cargo loading using various IoT technologies. Hiekata et al. (2021) associated these IoT technologies with damage control, increase in profits, and improvement of efficiency, which reduces delay time. This study makes a step from the one done by Pribyl and Weigel (2018) to ensure it analyzes the specific benefits of new technologies. 

Im et al. (2020) added to the literature by using Intelligent Information Technology to explore components for a smart autonomous ship. According to the study, a smart autonomous ship architecture enables ships to operate unmanned using intelligence information technology ( Im et al., 2020). This study produces information on some of the technological ideas that are used in the maritime industry. Im et al. (2020) confirmed that aspects of technology in the maritime industry are derived from analysis of ship components, roles and duties of crews, and application of intelligence information technology. As part of automation, Munim et al. (2020) found in their study that artificial intelligence currently plays a crucial role in the maritime industry. AI is used in maritime surveillance, which provides information on search and rescue, tracking of marine oil transportation, illegal bunkering, and maritime security ( Munim et al., 2020). According to the study, scholars have also used artificial intelligence to enhance energy efficiency in maritime transport. Modern ships have several sensors, which improve vessel performance by alerting relevant parties on pressure, flow rates, and temperature ( Munim et al., 2020). 

Increasing dependence on advanced technology in the shipping industry has exposed the sector to cyber-attacks. In their study, Tam and Jones (2018) explored the vulnerability of specific areas of maritime operations to cyber-attacks to determine how the adoption of new technologies leads to cyber insecurity and the potential outcome of the process ( Tam & Jones , 2018) . The maritime industry undergoes continuous technological advancement, and therefore many forms of shipping data are done and stored electronically ( Tam & Jones, 2018) . Cybersecurity ensures that these valuable data about the company's employees and the cargo in transit are safe from cybercriminals ( Tam & Jones, 2018) . However, understanding digitalization means that someone must understand the methods of digital technology. As a result, Babica et al. (2019) analyze the existing literature on the digitalization of the maritime industry to determine elements of digital technology and current trends for their implementation. Some of the elements of digitalization include automation using artificial intelligence and the internet of things ( Babica et al., 2019). The existing gap in these studies is that they do not investigate individual impacts caused by the adoption of new technology in the maritime industry. Therefore, this study seeks to close this gap by focusing on their economic benefits and increasing maritime security. 

Definition of Technology (Breakdown) 

According to Litvinski and Litvinski (2018) , technology refers to the use of scientific knowledge to change and manipulate human environment. Therefore, technology manifests when an individual uses their scientific knowledge to attain a particular goal ( Tam & Jones, 2018) . Technology relies on a particular piece of simple or complex equipment to serve its full purpose. There are several types of technology depending on the sector served. For instance, mechanical technology allows motion in one direction to prompt various types of motions as witnessed in engines, belts, gears, levers, cams, and wheels. Besides, electronic technology achieves a goal by use of electric circuits, which vary in complexity ( Tam & Jones, 2018) . Technology can also be categorized further into communications technology, medical technology, industrial, and manufacturing technology ( Litvinski & Litvinski , 2018) . Communication technology refers to the use of technology to transfer information among machines or individuals. It helps to control machines, solve problems, and influence decisions. Every industry throughout the world integrate various forms of technologies into their operations to enhance efficiency, safety, and improve their profitability. 

According to the European Association of 40 Universities in 17countries, WEGEMT, technologies for intervention in, protection of, exploitation, and safe use of marine environment is marine technology ( Ellingsen & Aasland, 2019) . Global maritime industry applies technology in various aspects of its operations such as leisure and safety, protection of the marine environment, short sea and deep-sea shipping, transport logistics and economics, marine resources, subsurface support, navigation, hydrodynamics, and shipbuilding and ship operations ( Litvinski & Litvinski , 2018) . More technologies involved in the industry include ship design, marine engineering, and naval architecture. Modern features of technology in the maritime industry include data analytics, the Internet of Things, and autonomous technology ( Litvinski & Litvinski , 2018) . Integration of these technologies enhances efficiency within the maritime industry as they lead to automation. 

Different Equipment of Technology in Maritime and Uses 

Maritime industry has various equipment of technology depending on the intended purpose. For instance, currently, a ship officer has several marine navigation equipment that enhances efficiency. They use gyro compass to find the right direct and radar to detect targets and display data on the screen, including obstacles, other vessels, floating objects, and the distance of the ship from the land ( Ellingsen & Aasland, 2019) . A ship officer can get a planned course for the voyage using a magnetic compass. Besides, autopilot helps human operator to control the ship while they focus on other operation aspects. Similar to radar, automatic tracking aid displays data on monitored targets in numeric and graphic to produce a planned layout for a collision-free and safer course ( Czachorowski et al., 2019). The distance that the ship travel relative to a set point is determined using Speed & Distance Log Device ( Czachorowski et al., 2019). The depth of water below the ship’s bottom is determined using an echo sounder device, which applies the principle of transmission of sound waves to calculate distance. More equipment used to enhance navigation include maneuvering booklet, forecastle bell, voyage plan, pilot card, daylight signaling lamp, ship whistle, navigation lights, sound reception system, rate of turn indicator, GPS receiver, voyage data recorder, rudder angle indicator. 

Salvage and firefighting support equipment include portable fire extinguisher, unmanned aerial vehicles, infrared detection systems, and thermal imaging ( Czachorowski et al., 2019). To enhance security in ships, the maritime industry has implemented technology such as smart robotic underwater surveillance, RFID tags, voice recognition, iris scanning, fingerprint identification, facial recognition, neutron scanning, and x-ray and gamma-ray scanners ( Ellingsen & Aasland, 2019) . Maritime industry also has technology to enhance search and rescue operations. Handheld personnel location detectors and search and rescue transponders detects the position of the sailor or ship accurately ( Czachorowski et al., 2019). When the ship is in distress, digital calling, satellite-based location detection, and ship-to-shore security alerts are used to sound alerts ( Czachorowski et al., 2019). The distress can also be physically indicated using pyrotechnics and smoke signals. 

Automation Breakdown and Integration 

Automation refers to various technologies that lower human intervention in operations or processes. Automation reduces human intervention since it has subprocess relationships, predetermined decision criteria, and related actions, which are embodied in a machine to perform the actions ( Munim et al., 2020). Due to its complex nature, with several involved operators, the maritime industry is slower than most sectors concerning the adoption of emergent technologies to accelerate the shipping process ( Munim et al., 2020). Nonetheless, the industry is slowly but surely implementing more efficient ways to control shipping process ( Pribyl & Weigel, 2018 ; Munim et al., 2020). Maritime automation involves integration of technological concepts to enhance efficiency in maritime industry. The automation systems typically include dynamic positioning, propulsion control systems, power manager systems, vessel management systems, safety systems, and conventional process control systems ( Ellingsen & Aasland, 2019) . A breakdown of maritime automation involves analysis of innovations that can revolutionize a smart ship technology and how they are integrated into ship operations ( Munim et al., 2020). 

According to Im et al. (2018), autonomous technology involves factoring in a variety of parameters to a software, which gives it a higher degree of freedom to make major decisions. Maritime industry involves transactions of billion containers to various ports across the globe and transportation of goods worth billions of dollars daily ( Munim et al., 2020). Goods transported by ship have different priorities and timeframe within which they must be transported to their destination. Artificial intelligence (AI) is where technologies, particularly computer systems, act as a substitute for human intelligence ( Zăgan et al., 2018). AI systems ingest large volumes of labelled training data, analyze the data for patterns and correlations, and use the patterns to predict future states ( Zăgan et al., 2018). AI is essential since it can provide enterprises insights into operations that might have been omitted previously. When incorporated with AI technologies, automation tools can increase the type and volume of tasks performed ( Babica et al., 2019). For instance, robotic process automation is a software that automates recurring tasks that were previously done by humans. 

Artificial intelligence is integrated into the maritime operations in digital cargo and bay arrangement optimization, which enables the industry to differentiate and classify containers and goods based on their timeframe of delivery ( Babica et al., 2019). Besides, AI allows for proper distribution of goods between several vessels passing through the port, which reduces terminal traffic. A report compiled by Im et al. (2018) indicate that about 30% to 40% of the transportation capacity on ships is empty space. Therefore, integration of AI inform of digital cargo optimization helps to lower the empty space to an average of 15-20% ( Zăgan et al., 2018). Besides, cargo vessels load several containers with varying destination, weight, and size ( Ellingsen & Aasland, 2019) . Digital optimization helps to decide on the best container bay arrangement, leading to their accurate positioning. 

Another form of automation is the use of Internet of Things (IoT) on vessels, which enables users to control objects using a consolidated control system or a phone ( Zăgan et al., 2018). IoT is a system of interconnected digital devices, people, animals, objects, or machines provided with the ability to share and transmit data over a network without human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction ( Czachorowski et al., 2019). The IoT system has devices or sensors that communicate with the cloud through some kind of connectivity ( Babica et al., 2019). Once the data reaches the cloud, the program processes it and takes action. such as automatically adjusting the sensor or sending an alert without the need of a human ( Zăgan et al., 2018). IoT system provides a user interface that enables them to monitor the system's status ( Czachorowski et al., 2019). The interface also allows the user to perform an action remotely, such as the use of a smartphone application for remotely adjusting the temperature in cold storage ( Babica et al., 2019). In other situations, the actions might be performed automatically based on the predefined rules ( Zăgan et al., 2018). For instance, instead of sending an alert of an intruder, the IoT system might be programmed to notify relevant authorities automatically. 

IoT system is integrated into the maritime industry to automatically perform specific tasks. For instance, in the maritime industry, IoT provides remote control to passengers and vessel operator that would have otherwise needed physical presence ( Babica et al., 2019). It allows remote access to individual cabins on passenger’s vessels with the help of a remote or an app ( Pribyl & Weigel, 2018) . Some of the vessels are designed to allow doors, fans, and lights to be closely monitored without physically handling them. In cargo vessels, IoT system is used to control hydraulics, bulkhead systems, bays, and hatch doors without physical presence ( Babica et al., 2019). Container ships are huge and manned with fewer individuals. Therefore, integration of IoT saves substantial time in operations and provides the captain with control over the vessel ( Zăgan et al., 2018). This automation technology is integrated into a ship ranging from marine control to electrical appliances within the ship. 

Besides, Digital route management of ships helps to improve journey duration and efficiency by producing updates on port traffic, piracy alerts, weather patterns, and other varying parameters. Ships follow pre-set routes, which are determined based on various input data ( Zăgan et al., 2018). Ship operators sketch accurate routes that take the least time by studying historic trends, ocean conditions, and other related factors ( Babica et al., 2019). Digital route management provides real-time data for ship operators to use, which enhances efficiency and improves the journey duration ( Zăgan et al., 2018). The tool allows computerized software to automatically provide accurate path based on several variables. Another aspect of automation is smart maneuvering control, which enables objects to make decisions on routes and move without the help of a human ( Pribyl & Weigel, 2018) . For instance, self-driving cars detect traffic signals, other cars, and pedestrians and are able to maintain the road without losing control ( Munim et al., 2020; Pribyl & Weigel, 2018) . Similarly, smart maneuvering control can be integrated into the maritime industry together with machine learning and AI to enable vessels to stay accurately on course without frequent input from the captain or the helmsman, which reduces human error ( Pribyl & Weigel, 2018 ; Munim et al., 2020 ) . Moreover, Smart Propulsion Systems provides a greater degree of control to the propulsion systems and marine diesel engines, reducing physical monitoring. 

More automation technology applied within the maritime industry include integrated control systems, smart deference technology, blockchain technology, robotics, drones, and 3D printing ( Munim et al., 2020). Just like in other sectors, maritime industry use robots for inspection, security, and maintenance of vessels. Similarly, drones help in remote inspections, security and surveillance, and delivering goods to vessels ( Pribyl & Weigel, 2018) . Blockchain technology provides a transparent, secure, and quick way for the maritime industry to collect payments globally ( Zăgan et al., 2018). Smart defense technology ensures the highest levels of standards when running military operations since it enhances efficiency in the logistics division of the navy ( Munim et al., 2020). A ship is normally huge with several personnel and decks, and spanning several meters in length. Therefore, implementing smart technology called integrated control systems connects the various parts and components of a ship to a central server, enabling the captain to view the operation of any part of the ship ( Zăgan et al., 2018). As a result, it improves maintenance and safety of the vessel. 

Security- What is Security in the Maritime Industry? 

Maritime security is a specialized field in the maritime industry, including practices that defend the vessel against both internal and external threats ( Dalaklis, 2017) . The areas from which ships and maritime operations need protection include illegal trafficking of people and goods, robbery, piracy, and terrorism ( Zăgan et al., 2018). There are always some attempts to steal valuable goods from vessels during transportation. Security also includes protection against trespassing. Therefore, security officers must ensure that no unauthorized personnel come into the ship to tamper with sensitive equipment ( Dalaklis, 2017) . Current advances in internal commercial logistics and telecommunications have increased the avenues and range open to terrorists, making it vulnerable to an attack ( Tam & Jones, 2018) . Another security concern is illegal maritime trade, which expands international crime. People use maritime industry to transport drugs, arms, and people ( Dalaklis, 2017) . Besides, some ships carry dollar worth of cargo, making them vulnerable to piracy. Current pirates used advanced equipment and communication. Therefore, the maritime industry must have property technology to counteract the possible attack ( Dalaklis, 2017) . These, among other security issues, prompt security officers and the entire marine industry to implement strict measures to enhance general security in the marine environment. 

How is Security Incorporated in the Maritime Industry? 

Security incorporation in the maritime industry ensures that there is enhanced security enforcement for safe sea operations without slowing down the flow of international commerce ( Dalaklis, 2017) . First, the naval sector ensures there are adequate proactive procedures, supervision and inspection to minimize threats ( Tam & Jones, 2018) . It is achieved by providing enough trained security officers deployed to the ports and seas who are vigilant to prevent any malicious attempts ( Dalaklis, 2017) . Besides, maritime companies educate and train their employees to enhance the chances of detecting and stopping any form of security threats. Moreover, screening the cargo before loading is mandatory to see any illegal goods transported ( Dalaklis, 2017) . Screening transportation documents by security officers ensures that only the authorized persons are allowed on board. 

Furthermore, regular maintenance of the cargo and the ship overseas is enhanced to ensure everything complies with the best security measures. The crew members and the passengers are encouraged and regularly reminded to report any threat they notice ( Tam & Jones, 2018) . In addition, to curb the threat from pirates who have advanced both in technology and equipment, ample training and adequate experience are incorporated ( Tam & Jones, 2018) . The monitoring equipment is well equipped, tested and ready to counter-attack any form of attack from the pirates ( Dalaklis, 2017) . Lastly, the advancement in technology that has seen most of the operations being automated, such as supply chain visibility, has put shipping processes in a position where criminals can access the shipping data ( Dalaklis, 2017) . However, the maritime industry has incorporated technological advancement in the security sector to allow security officers to adapt to these new forms of threat. Security officers have been trained and exposed to these threats, and through screening processes and technology advancement, they will be able to identify any form of hacking and weak spots and apply required remedies to ensure vessels are safe from criminals ( Tam & Jones, 2018) . 

Cybersecurity 

The maritime sector is constantly evolving technologically, and as a result, numerous types of shipping data are processed and stored electronically. Cybersecurity protects the company's sensitive data on its employees and in-transit cargo from cybercriminals ( Tam & Jones, 2018) . Similarly, the electronic systems and programs that control the vessels need to be free from hacking by cyber criminals, leading to fatal outcomes. Ships are constantly connected to the internet during their navigation, increasing the level of threat ( Dalaklis, 2017) . Formulation of cybersecurity policies and plans to safeguard the integrity of the information and system of the shipping company is important ( Tam & Jones, 2018) . Cyber risk management lays out the plans and procedures to complement the existing security risk management. However, integration of communication between the onshore operations and office managers and vessel systems are used to perform a wide range of legal duties such as monitoring engine operations and vessel performance ( Dalaklis, 2017) . Finally, the maritime industry's ICT officers and security officers are being trained and given the necessary access to detect any form of threat and hacking in the companies' system or the vessels system and the appropriate security measures ( Tam & Jones, 2018) . However, with the evolution of technology in the maritime industry, the data will continually be exposed to cybercriminals ( Tam & Jones, 2018) . Therefore, more advanced security measures will be required to keep the company safe. 

Satellite (Breakdown) 

Satellites are artificial objects placed in orbit that are used for communications, navigation, weather forecasting and space telescopes. There are several types of satellites; communication satellite, navigation satellite, weather satellite and space telescopes, each having a defined purpose ( Ilcev, 2020) . The incorporation of maritime satellites in the maritime industry was mainly to enhance communication and navigation for security purposes, among other reasons ( Ilcev, 2020) . Advancements in technology that led to the incorporation of satellites in the industry brought a lot of influence to the maritime industry ( Dalaklis, 2017) . Digitalization of shipping procedures and automation shipping vessels led to the necessity for maritime satellites for monitoring and navigation purposes ( Ilcev, 2020) . Similarly, prediction of weather conditions on the navigation path is necessary for extreme weather condition warnings. Maritime satellite plays vital role in the maritime industry. Maritime security depends on the satellite for alerts in case of an emergency. 

Communication (Using Satellites) 

Communications using satellites are achieved by relaying radio signals by manufactured satellites that are transmitted to two or more earth stations enhancing communicating over a wide geographical location ( Sebastian et al., 2020) . It is very important when in need of emergency services from security agencies. Maritime satellite communication allows the shipping companies headquarters to communicate with their fleets hence enabling real-time ship monitoring ( Ilcev, 2020) . Similarly, it is needed in ship navigation and surveillance to ensure ship security. Satellite enables both voice and data communications at the sea ( Sebastian et al., 2020) . Due to growing technology in the maritime industry, there is an increase in data transfer in the maritime with end-users having vast differences in communication needs. Hence, the company needs to scale their network to have a wider coverage, which sometimes becomes a challenge and satellite communication might fail to provide reliable communication apart from weather challenges ( Sebastian et al., 2020) . Nonetheless, recent and continuous ongoing improvement in the satellite communication technology, communication with the employees in offshore vessels and the government and merchants is possible ( Sebastian et al., 2020) . Security of the vessels and the employees is significantly enhanced through satellite monitoring, surveillance and help in ship navigation. Incase of any threat from the pirates or any other form of security alert, communication to the concerned agencies is also possible ( Ilcev, 2020) . Allowing communication between two or more countries will enable the ship and cargo to be transferred successfully for verification. 

Case Study of Automation Integration 

The case study of automating the navigation tasks investigates the implications of a fully automated navigation system. The ship's navigation duties include navigating the ship, keeping a night watch, and general watchkeeping ( Cross & Meadow , 2017) . This means keeping an eye on the situation, following the route, and maintaining in touch with other ships. Automation of navigation tasks has a considerable impact on the crew's workload during the typical sailing period, particularly for the bridge department. Nevertheless, this reduction in effort does not result in significant crew reductions. The crew is reduced by only one worker, the second officer. However, this data also demonstrates that the burden for a lot of crew members lowers dramatically. For instance, the top officer transitions from a full workload to one in which he is assigned assignments less than 20% of the time ( Cross & Meadow , 2017) . Such a light task is unproductive use of resources because it leaves multiple crew members with a light load. Additionally, it results in an ultimate reduction of one crew member. If automation of navigation activities is to have a substantial impact on the size of a ship's crew, a radical reorganization of task assignment is necessary. 

Automating navigation chores has a negligible influence on the arrival and departure phases. This is mostly because this period is often brief, implying that numerous crew members are not required to conduct navigation responsibilities ( Cross & Meadow , 2017) . The minimum crew size is lowered from 9 to 8 personnel in this situation, as the second officer is no longer required on board ( Cross & Meadow , 2017) . The functions performed by the second officer in a typical circumstance have been delegated to other crew members on board who are likewise capable of performing such tasks. For instance, the second officer used to supervise the arrival and departure phases, which are now handled by the captain. 

Safety of Equipment in Maritime (Influence Vs. Negligence) 

Today, safety is a critical concern affecting all facets of the maritime business. Safety management, on the other hand, and its application in the maritime industry are more critical than ever. At the time of the Titanic disaster, there was a lack of international rules and regulations regarding shipping ( Cross & Meadow , 2017) . The modern maritime sector is governed by a number of regulations, conventions, and guidelines that define the parameters for shipping safety and efficiency. The growth of the marine industry has resulted in significant advancements in ship technology, design, size, propulsion, and safety. As a result, the marine industry's development of new technology has resulted in modifications to educational institutions throughout the last few decades ( Cross & Meadow , 2017) . Following World War II, the maritime education system evolved in lockstep with industry demands. Despite significant advancements in technology and workplace safety, the marine sector remains a rather risky place to work ( Cao et al., 2019) . 

Human error is one of the most serious threats to maritime worker health and safety. While mistakes are unavoidable, many accidents caused by equipment are the product of neglect. Regrettably, negligence remains a significant element in Houston marine incidents. Negligent practices such as insufficient employee training, failure to implement appropriate safety measures, and assigning an insufficient number of crew members to operate with a piece of equipment can have fatal effects for marine employees and their families. Failure to operate equipment safely can result in mechanical breakdowns, electrocutions, explosions, fires, worker strikes or crushing by machinery, chemical exposures, and falls. Numerous tragic accidents may have been avoided with basic safety techniques and precautions ( Cao et al., 2019) . Employers in the maritime business have an obligation to create a safe work environment, which includes providing maritime personnel with the necessary equipment and training. When an employer in the marine business or a company with which the employer contracts breaches that commitment, the resulting repercussions can be disastrous for workers and their families. Maritime workers who have been injured on a ship, drilling rig, platform, or in port due to the carelessness of an equipment operator may be entitled to compensation. Depending on the applicable maritime legislation, you may be entitled to compensation. This is why you should call an experienced and educated Houston maritime injury attorney immediately. 

Does the Cost Outweigh the Benefits for The Now a nd/or t he Future? 

After precisely establishing the cost-benefit connection, an analysis is conducted to determine the most fundamental advantages and disadvantages of the proposed retrofit activity in monetary terms. The cost of enhancing safety in maritime industry is high and companies invest heavily to ensure safety within the facility. However, the benefit the organization reap from safety implementation is beyond measurable standards. Consistent use of the strategy that investment in safety encourages minimizes the frequency of errors and the associated cost of resolving issues. By investing in safety and strengthening the safety of equipment, we can contribute to a favorable outcome ( Cao et al., 2019) . Additionally, it decreases risk and supports you in complying with applicable legislation. This can have a good effect on your business in a variety of ways. Your business's improved health and safety performance will result in a reduction in the costs connected with accidents and incidents. Increased awareness of regulatory standards decreases the likelihood of you committing any offenses. Employee relations and morale will increase if they notice that you are actively looking out for their health and safety. The public will perceive that you are treating your personnel with respect. This enhances your image and contributes to great public relations for your firm. Enhancing your business's efficiency results in cost savings. You can demonstrate to your insurers that you are effectively managing risk. This frequently results in a reduction in your insurance prices. Banks and investors will be more receptive to financing your business if you can demonstrate that it is handled well. Business partners have a greater level of trust in your enterprise. Larger enterprises and government organizations are more willing to purchase from firms that have excellent management systems. Therefore, the benefits outweigh the cost of enhancing safety of equipment in maritime industry. 

Economic Impact on Transportation Industries 

Automated Vessels 

Numerous economic assessments suggest that deploying autonomous ships decreases operational expenses by an average of 11%, with the majority of the cost savings coming from reduced time charter prices. Fuel and time charter cost savings incentivize the employment of additional automated ships with reduced capacity per ship, as opposed to a similar system with conventional vessels. Adapting advanced daughter route structures, such as butterfly, clover, and flower routes, results in an additional 6% cost savings ( Cao et al., 2019) . The addition of autonomous mother ships results in additional benefits, such that the operational cost of a completely automated system with enhanced daughter routes is approximately 20% less than the cost of a traditional fleet using only simple daughter routes ( Pudasaini & Shahandashti, 2020 ) . Daughter vessels are often smaller in size than Mother vessels. Daughter vessels connect smaller ports to larger ports. In other words, they transport goods from minor ports to larger ports for exports and from big main ports to smaller ports for imports to the mother vessel. In comparison to the mother vessel, the feeder vessel is rather slow. 

Given that a large portion of the benefits of autonomous ships stem from the reduction/abolition of crew costs, it is expected that such solutions would gain traction first in high-cost countries like Norway ( Pudasaini & Shahandashti, 2020 ) . For future study, it would be worthwhile to enhance the network's service level in order to make the LND-A more competitive with trucks. One technique to boost service degree is to raise the network's service frequency, for instance, by visiting ports double weekly ( Cao et al., 2019) . Additionally, it would be beneficial to investigate the integration of autonomous ships into an on-demand service system. Autonomous ships provide greater freedom in terms of crew working constraints and can thus be used to expand short sea shipping service. 

Retrofitted ships are composed of three major components that enable them to operate autonomously. These include the vessel's control systems, digital link to shore, and shore-based systems. The control system is in charge of the ship's autonomous operation ( Vojković et al., 2020) . The navigation system makes steering decisions based on sensor fusion or aggregation of data from subsystems such as sensors, cameras, and positioned technologies to detect obstructions ( Pudasaini & Shahandashti, 2020 ) . Similar to scanning systems used in artificial intelligence (AI) systems in automobiles, the Automatic Identification System (AIS) provides the ship with a broader range of information than automobiles in order to maneuver and slow down ( Vojković et al., 2020) . Auto-berthing and Auto crossing are two further Kongsberg Maritime technologies that enable crew engagement with the ship via a variety of sensors to aid in docking and placement. Even with the advent of autonomous ships, obstacles are still a possibility. Issues regarding the regulation of a large number of people on vessels, physical supervision, and the viability of the business in the event of a catastrophe or accident remain unresolved. 

Automated Ports 

Successful automated ports demonstrate that with good planning and administration, these obstacles can be overcome: operational expenses can be reduced by 25% to 55% while productivity increases by 10% to 35% ( Vojković et al., 2020) . So, these investments will pave the way for Port 4.0—the shift from asset operator to service orchestrator—as part of a larger shift toward Industry 4.0—or digitally enabled productivity increases in the global economy. Port 4.0 will boost value for port operators, suppliers, and customers alike, but the added value will not be fairly distributed among ports and their ecosystems ( Cao et al., 2019) . However, in order to achieve this goal, new business structures and modalities of collaboration are needed. 

Study results show that automation in the port industry is appealing port owners as well as financial investors alike. Capital expenditures are substantial up front ( Vojković et al., 2020) . To justify these investments, it is projected that an automated greenfield terminal's operating expenses must be 25% cheaper than those of a conventional terminal, or productivity must increase 30% while operating expenses decrease 10% ( Vojković et al., 2020) . According to McKinsey's survey respondents, automation will reduce operational expenses by 25 percent to 55 percent and increase productivity by 10 to 35 percent, which is consistent with our projections of what is conceivable ( Pudasaini & Shahandashti, 2020 ) . However, these expectations are frequently not met nowadays, particularly in completely automated projects. Additional research reveals that operational expenses at automated ports do indeed decrease, but by just 15% to 35% ( Pudasaini & Shahandashti, 2020 ) . Worse, productivity actually decreases by between 7% and 15%. According to a senior executive of a worldwide port operator, the mean size of gross moves per hour for quay cranes—a major factor of productivity—is in the low 20s for fully automated ports. It is in the high 30s at a number of typical terminals ( Pudasaini & Shahandashti, 2020 ) . With these figures, automation will not be able to alleviate the burden of up-front capital expenditures. 

Automated Trucking 

Trucks are the supply chain's delivery system's backbone. 70% of items are transported by vehicle. In 2017, in the United States, the trucking sector generated $700.3 billion. in economic activity. Logistics will be transformed by self-driving trucks. It can reduce costs by almost fourfold and increase daily driving distance by around 2.5 times ( Engström et al., 2019) . A self-driving truck could transport across the United States in two days rather than five. Self-driving trucks will arrive before self-driving taxis, owing to the ease with which highway driving can be automated ( Pudasaini & Shahandashti, 2020 ) . Starsky, Kodiak Robotics, TU Simple, Embark, Volvo, and Tesla, Waymo are all vying for the right to build self-driving trucks ( Engström et al., 2019) . Embark is currently utilizing driver assistance to transport goods between truck hubs. Human drivers travel between cities and truck hubs, as well as between truck hubs and cities. There will be a 20 percent to 30 percent increase in fuel efficiency and a reduction in truck wear ( Engström et al., 2019) . The CEO of Embark is arguing that human truck drivers will not be completely replaced for years. The abolition of long-haul trucking will result in an economic growth. Currently, there is a truck driver shortage. Cost savings will raise demand for local driving employment ( Pudasaini & Shahandashti, 2020 ) . In theory, automating trucks to 80 percent would give economic benefits such as speedier and significantly cheaper delivery while also increasing the number of better-paying driving employment ( Pudasaini & Shahandashti, 2020 ) . 

Automated Railroads 

Following elevators, railway automation may appear to be the logical next step. After all, elevators and trains have numerous similarities: both transport passengers via cars on rails, with passengers entering and exiting the car via mechanical doors and remaining in the car between stops ( Cao et al., 2019) . Railways look to be an ideal target for automation in many aspects. They are self-contained systems that typically run on their own right-of-way in a highly controlled environment, particularly metros and other urban train lines. ATO is predicted to have numerous economic benefits ( Tsvetkov et al., 2019) . Better operational safety and a reduction in rail fatalities are cited as benefits, as are staff savings of up to 70% and an increase in energy efficiency of more than 30%. The space formerly held by train operators could be used to increase passenger capacity. Additionally, train automation enables elastic capacity (which contributes to increased efficiency), allowing for the addition of trains during rush periods and the removal of trains at night or on holidays ( Yin et al., 2017) . The rate of return for railroad automation is projected to be between 10% and 15%. What therefore stands in the way of ATO's widespread adoption ( Pudasaini & Shahandashti, 2020 ) ? One frequently claimed issue is that an automated system must recognize and react to obstacles located at a great distance due to the great distance required to properly stop a train ( Yin et al., 2017) . Railroad unions may oppose the new technology out of concern about job losses to autonomous trains, making ATO politically difficult to implement. The industry would have to overcome public concerns about the safety of ATO. 

Case Study of Benefits of Automation 

On Mexico's Atlantic coast, Tuxpan Port Terminal (TPT) is a short 150-mile drive from Mexico City. Additionally, the TPT has four Ship-to-Shore Cranes and eight Automatic Stacking Cranes, along with 30 internal trucks (UTR). In addition to being an import/export terminal, thousands of OTRs (outside street trucks) frequently visit the facility. A truck coming at the unmanned yard crane had to be verified by TPT to make sure that it was indeed the truck assigned to move by the Tideworks terminal operational system ( Pudasaini & Shahandashti, 2020 ) . Besides determining the sequence in which trucks arrived at the cranes, they also wanted to have a better idea of how trucks moved around the port. Truck-ID was chosen by TPT to meet these needs ( Babica et al., 2020) . TPT uses the TRUCK-ID to automate an automated gate, automatic container move reconciliation, and yard traffic flow. Container truck identification can be accomplished at a minimal cost of ownership with TRUCK-ID. Customs kiosk, general terminal entry/exit point, yard road lane, and weigh scale are all tracked by TRUCK-ID. It also offers position information ( Pudasaini & Shahandashti, 2020 ) . Automated Stacking Cranes (ASC) in TPT's automated yard can easily transfer jobs from a container truck to the system's automated stacking cranes. TPT uses TRUCK-ID for a variety of purposes ( Babica et al., 2020) . It provides an unmanned drive-through solution by automatically identifying the trucks and containers in a Weight-In-Motion scale. As a bonus, the truck is identified at customs and terminal entry and exit gates ( Babica et al., 2020) . Automation at this port enables the ASCs to dynamically change their work queues by automatically monitoring the progress of vehicles in the yard ( Babica et al., 2020) . Using this technology eliminates the need for a temporary tag and eliminates the need for manual data entry errors. Most significantly, it has a demonstrably high return on investment. 

Located in Liverpool Peel Ports is one of the largest deep-sea container ports in the United Kingdom, serving over 100 global destinations ( Dalaklis, 2017) . With a fleet of 40 Straddle Carriers and seven Ship-to-Shore Cranes, the terminal processes roughly 800,000 TEU each year ( Dalaklis, 2017) . At the Port of Liverpool, the system is implemented using modular G-POS GPS technology that tracks equipment in the yard, detects container lifts, and incorporates geofencing. The system is comprised of touch screen panels, secure system login through security access card, asset management, and middleware for external system connectivity. As soon as a work step is completed, G-POS immediately alerts the Terminal Planning System (TPS) and asks the next available work step ( Dalaklis, 2017) . In order to verify that the Straddle Carrier operator observes the work instructions, G-POS monitors each movement. The operator displays are simple and easy to read, offering information about the current condition, current position, and upcoming movements ( Pudasaini & Shahandashti, 2020 ) . G-POS works in close collaboration with the TOS system, exchanging data on a continuous basis to ensure that appropriate operational motions are performed ( Dalaklis, 2017) . The information provided for each job stage is concise and immediately advances to the next step. The operator is not required to provide any input. G-POS advises the operator of the container length required for pick-up, enabling the spreader to be pre-set for the container. This may save only 5 to 10 seconds per lift, but over 500,000 lifts, this translates to between 700 and 1,400 Straddle Carrier operational hours saved per year ( Pudasaini & Shahandashti, 2020 ) . Additionally, the operator can toggle between text and graphical map views. Terminal management and key workers can monitor the status of equipment in real time using live data. They have access to information on the equipment, the operator's history, and KPI data ( Dalaklis, 2017) . Alerts are created automatically to bring to the attention of management difficulties, potential outages, and risky operation of the equipment. 

In short sea shipping, one of the operational modes considered suited for autonomous ships termed as liner shipping network design. The purpose of this form of operation is to the fleet's total running costs should be kept as low as possible while operational decisions are excluded. Because of time constraints, demand and destination, constructing a liner shipping network is the best way to meet all of these requirements. This model envisions a mother ship and a collection of autonomous daughter ships. Nugroho et al. 2020's case study says a mother ship serves the major ports while daughter ships operate in the smaller ports along the Norwegian coast. Akbar et al. Rotterdam, the continent's main port, serves all of Norway's major ports on the mother route. Norwegian transhipment ports are connected to other minor and major ports in Norway by daughter routes ( Nugroho et al., 2020) . Nugroho et al. conducted a study to determine the sort and quantity of autonomous daughter ships required to meet transportation demand. With a diversified fleet of daughter vessels, the autonomous ship is able to adjust to new transportation needs. Operational costs are reduced by 11 percent when autonomous daughter ships are introduced ( Nugroho et al., 2020) . The majority of savings are realized through lower time charter costs as a result of the crew's absence. 

A completely automated ship is expected to raise building costs by approximately 5%. Because of this, operational costs have dropped between 9% and 13%. In LSND-A, Akbar et al. (2020) examined the possibility of introducing an automated mother ship ( Nugroho et al., 2020) . Fleet running costs are reduced by 20% as compared to a fully conventional arrangement. Fuel costs have been reduced by 10% ( Hiekata et al., 2021) . Automated daughter vessels are predicted to cut total operational costs by about 11 percent in a scenario where a traditional mother ship and 22 autonomous daughter ships call 22 ports. Due to lower time charter expenses and reduced fuel expenditures, 94% of the savings are realized (6 percent ). In the case of autonomous ships, the cost of cargo handling in the port is 22% more than for regular vessels ( Hiekata et al., 2021) . Costs are reduced by using autonomous daughter ships, which are larger in number, but have a smaller capacity than conventional ships. The concept of a vessel train is similar to that of LSND in that it refers to a master ship that is staffed and automatically controls the subsequent vessels. Crew costs are the primary savings in a semi-autonomous vessel platooning idea ( Hiekata et al., 2021) . When there are more of these "autonomous follower vessels" (FV), the costs associated with each one is reduced. In order to be economically viable, a long train of vessels must be used ( Hiekata et al., 2021) . The savings from using self-driving FVs should be at least as much as those from paying vessel train fees. The idea is applicable to routes with a steady stream of merchandise and a high demand for transportation. 

Using net present value (NPV) to evaluate a project's economic viability is a common practice. Using a particular discount rate and the original capital expenditure, the indicator calculates the difference between expected future cash flows. Additionally, Kretschmann uses the RFR as an indication of economic efficiency ( Hiekata et al., 2021) . Over a period of time, The RFR is calculated by dividing the total value of owning and running a vessel by the overall weight of cargo. If a ship has a life expectancy of 100 years, the freight rate is RFR, which has a zero net present value ( Sebastian et al., 2020) . The more cost-effective an autonomous ship is compared to a conventional one, the lower its RFR must be. Over the past 25 years, researchers have analyzed three different scenarios and compared their indicators to the typical vessel. When it comes to scenario A, a smaller staff is an issue. The overall cost of owning and managing the ship is known as the anticipated present value (EPV) ( Sebastian et al., 2020) . In comparison to a typical reference vessel, the estimated present value of the cost of owning and operating the autonomous bulker is $500,000 less ( Sebastian et al., 2020) . This means that the autonomous bulk carrier is more cost-effective than the conventional bulker because its needed freight charge is only 0.4% higher ( Sebastian et al., 2020) . 

The second case (Scenario B), sometimes known as the base scenario, takes into consideration reduced fuel usage and a smaller crew size. The autonomous bulker's EPV (Expected Net Present Value) is 4.3 million dollars lower than a traditional one in this case ( Yang et al., 2018) . This means that the RFR of an autonomous ship is 3.4 percent lower than the RFR of a standard ship ( Sebastian et al., 2020) . Scenario C relies on a decreased crew, lower fuel usage and the utilization of high-grade fuel. The EPV for an autonomous ship is anticipated to be 19.2 million USD greater than the EPV of the reference vessel, mainly due to higher fuel consumption expenses ( Yang et al., 2018) . Because of this, the RFR of an unmanned vessel is approximately 15% higher than that of a traditional vessel. As shown in Scenario 3's results of the sensitivity analysis performed on the three scenarios examined, autonomous ships can be projected to become cost-effective when fuel efficiency gains and a reduction in crew costs can both be achieved ( Yang et al., 2018) . Longer trips and high gasoline prices are more advantageous, according to additional research. In Scenario B, we take into account lower fuel use and the absence of crew when on a maritime journey. HFO (Heavy Fuel Oil) as the primary source of fuel for an autonomous ship would be impossible, on the other hand ( Yang et al., 2018) . Without SECA-only operations, it would be impossible for the vessel to compete in the market (Sulphur Emission Control Area). 

Analysis 

Analysis of presented evidence and previous studies help to answer the question of whether continuing evolution and implementation of new technology in the global maritime industry will create significant economic benefits and greatly increase maritime safety ( Zăgan et al., 2018) . With the rise of technology, the maritime landscape is changing. The emergence of new trends is a result of this necessity ( Yang et al., 2018) . There has been a massive shift in how the marine industry approaches new challenges and opportunities as a result of advances in shipbuilding, propulsion, smart shipping, improved materials, big data analytics, robots, sensors, and communications ( Dalaklis, 2017) . The environmental and commercial imperatives driving the development of these technologies are in perfect harmony ( Zăgan et al., 2018) . Since environmental policies have pushed for greater R&D and deployment of cutting-edge technology to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the benefits have been evident. With hybrid propulsion, for example, ship running expenses can be reduced by 20-30 percent while reducing GHG emissions ( Vojković & Milenković, 2020) . 

Propulsion and power generation improvements for ships will be a major focus of future research and development. Nonetheless, it is not just the broad spectrum of usable technology that spans future engines and alternative fuels, as well as propulsive energy-saving systems and renewable sources of energy, that makes this possible ( Vojković & Milenković, 2020) . Additionally, and perhaps more critically, the immensity of the environmental challenges that commercial shipping will confront in the future makes propulsion and powering a critical technological theme in the maritime industry ( Dalaklis, 2017) . Shipping companies believe that with hybrid propulsion, they can save up to 20% on fuel costs while also reducing emissions by a significant amount ( Vojković & Milenković, 2020) . Using communication networks, the modern smart ship will incorporate a variety of connected technologies to improve decision-making, environmental responsibility, ship management, operational efficiency, and regulatory compliance, as well as improve the safety and maintenance of the vessel and crew – today's concept of unmanned machinery spaces may be another manifestation of the modern smart ship 

All throughout the world, oceans are filled with ships and container vessels that cruise through the world's most distant places, transporting commodities to ports around the world. A vessel's safety is critical because it transports 90 percent of global trade, as well as dozens of crewmembers. According to a survey from Allianz, the shipping industry lost 18 cargo ships in 2020, and there were 2,703 incidents ( Tsvetkov et al., 2020) . Unprecedented events such as grounding and fire were among the factors that contributed to this. For example, maritime and other transportation industries have lacked advanced technology, and there are connectivity challenges that prevent gadgets that are routinely used on land and at sea from being used effectively. The shipping industry, despite being one of the most important modes of transportation for trade, has been decades behind other modes of transport ( Tam & Jones, 2018) . To this day, sailors still use binoculars, radar, and other nautical instruments to see dangerous objects and other ships while at sea, and make split-second judgments. Having to rely so heavily on the crew to keep an eye on every inch of the ship adds another layer of stress to their already taxing lives at sea ( Yang et al., 2018) . The recent pandemic has only worsened crew weariness, which is already a major factor in up to 96% of marine accidents ( Tam & Jones, 2018) . 

In context of the long-term effects of the current pandemic, it has become evident that ship-to-ship communication must be improved. Many of these situations can be avoided and sailors can receive the much-needed support and relaxation that their aviation industry counterparts rely on by establishing communications between the vessel and those on land. The benefits extend well beyond the business sector. In order to prevent environmental events, such as oil spills and containers that fall into the rivers, the marine industry needs to improve its operations and efficiency. As a result of the deployment of VSAT technology, communication channels have been opened ( Tsvetkov et al., 2019) . To sustain this momentum, AI can provide insights into how to deal with low visibility, extreme weather, and overcrowded ports. Machine learning algorithms can assess and detect obstructions in real time for both ship captains and individuals on the shore by tapping into the ship's sensors and adding some thermal cameras ( Yang et al., 2018; Tsvetkov et al., 2019) . Ships will be able to access accurate nautical charts via the cloud and communicate with stakeholders via the command center, as well as track their fuel usage, thanks to this new technology. Inexperienced navigation officers can also benefit from real-time video training ( Tsvetkov et al., 2019) . Life-saving notifications can be sent via smart alarms when a ship gets into trouble in shallow water or when other dangers develop. Therefore, the adoption of new technologies in maritime industry will help increase maritime safety. 

In line with the study hypothesis, evidence confirm that adoption of new technologies in maritime industry, including automation, will create significant benefits. Maritime transport accounts for more than 90% of worldwide merchandise trade, transporting around 11 billion tons of cargo each year. Therefore, digitalization would have a wide range of economic benefits and would lead to a more robust and lasting recovery. Inefficiencies in the maritime sector result in delays and increased logistical costs, which have a negative effect on the economy as a whole. According to World Bank Vice President for Infrastructure, Makhtar Diop, digitalization provides an unprecedented opportunity to address this issue ( Tsvetkov et al., 2019) . In addition to the immediate benefits to the marine industry, digitization will enable countries to participate more fully in the global economy, resulting in improved development results ( Vojković & Milenković, 2020 ; Tsvetkov et al., 2019 ) . Short and medium-term approaches to advance digitization have demonstrated the ability to increase supply chain resilience and efficiency while mitigating cybersecurity threats ( Tsvetkov et al., 2019) . However, it is equally critical to implement required policy reforms. Digitalization is not just about technology; it is also about change management, data collaboration, and political will ( Tsvetkov et al., 2019) . The ports identified legislative frameworks in their nations or regions and convincing numerous private-public partners to collaborate as the primary impediments to digitalization in maritime industry, not technology ( Vojković & Milenković, 2020) . It is now possible to improve operational effectiveness and competitiveness through the implementation of digital technology and solutions. Maritime stakeholders must rethink their current strategies and adapt in order to assure efficient, sustainable operations and increase short- and long-term competitiveness. 

Conclusion 

Conclusively, continuing evolution and implementation of new technology in the global maritime industry will create significant economic benefits and greatly increase maritime safety. Previous studies have explored various forms of technologies and their benefits in maritime industry. However, the gap existed on their ability to explore individual benefits of implementation of these technologies, such as increase in safety and significant economic benefits. Different equipment used in maritime industry such as gyro compass, magnetic compass, and automatic tracking aid helps in navigation. Other equipment helps in salvage and firefighting, security enhancement, and enhance search and rescue operations. Implementation of automation in maritime industry also have experienced concerns with potential economic and safety benefits. Feasible forms of automation in marine sector include artificial intelligence, internet of things, robotics, blockchain technology, and integrated control systems, among others. These technologies help maritime sector to implement some measures meant to enhance security within the sector and eliminate incidences of cybercrimes. The use of satellites to enhance communication also helps to enhance safety and security. Various automations, such as automated vessels, ports, trucking, and railroads have confirmed to be economically beneficial to maritime industry. Different ports which have implemented new technologies, as in the case studies of Tuxpan Port Terminal and Peel Ports, have also indicated that benefits of automation are worth investing in as it enhances safety and has several economic benefits. 

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