The recent arrest and conviction of El Chapo dominated news headlines across the globe. El Chapo had been the subject of an aggressive manhunt that had been led by the US in collaboration with the authorities in Mexico. After spending huge amounts and following a bloody campaign, the two nations managed to deal a serious blow to the drug trafficking problem. However, despite this success, drug trafficking continues to pose a challenge to both the US and Mexico. This challenge is the focus of this paper. Beginning with a proposal, the paper makes clear that even with El Chapo behind bars, drug trafficking continues to thrive. The proposal focuses on Drug Lord: the Legend of Shorty. As will be revealed in the proposal, this documentary highlights the operations of the cartel run by El Chapo. Next, the paper presents three contextual frames through which the events represented in the documentary can be understood. This is followed by a visual analysis of the documentary. Here, focus is given to how the documentary relies on various visual tools and techniques to advance its message.
Summary of Documentary
Drug abuse is among the main challenges that the US is grappling with today. This problem served as the main inspiration for the choice of Drug Lord: The Legend of Shorty. Directed by Angus MacQueen and released in 2014, this documentary tracks the efforts of two journalists who set out to find Joaquin Guzman (El Chapo). The documentary records the gruesome acts of violence for which Guzman has been held responsible. For example, according to the documentary, El Chapo is to blame for dozens of murders and acts of intimidation. In addition to shedding light on the life of El Chapo, the documentary also highlights the role of the United States (US) policy. In particular, it shows how the war on drugs saw the US committing massive amounts in funding and personnel to pursuing El Chapo. Another critical issue the documentary explores is how Mexico’s ineffective justice system created the ideal conditions which allowed El Chapo to establish his drug empire. On the whole, the documentary represents the interaction between the media, government policy, and the drug war. It allows audiences to recognize El Chapo as a physical manifestation of America’s failed war on drugs.
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Relevance
Drug Lord: The Legend of Shorty is highly relevant. In addition to spotlighting issues the US is currently experiencing, the documentary echoes concepts covered in class. For example, in lecture 3, one of the topics addressed is the rise of the narco cinema. This lecture highlighted the increasingly important role that such forms of media as films are playing in exposing the world of narcotics. Drug Lord: The Legend of Shorty documentary fulfills this role perfectly. The documentary also relates to the reading by Howard Campbell (2009), who explores the life of El Chapo. In his text, Campbell draws connections between El Chapo, the war on drugs, and the politics of the US-Mexico border. The relevance of the documentary lies in the fact that it mirrors the arguments that Campbell presents. Overall, this documentary is timely and relevant because it creates opportunities for a reflection on the drug problem that continues to afflict millions of Americans.
Context
To fully understand the documentary, one needs to view it through the lens of various contextual perspectives. Three of these perspectives are outlined below. In addition, the sources that will be consulted in relation to these perspectives are also listed.
The War on Drugs
One of the themes that emerge from the documentary is the US effort to eliminate illegal drugs. The creators of the documentary give tremendous attention to how the US has sent agents into Mexico and has revamped its law enforcement agencies as part of the war on drugs. By depicting El Chapo as a dangerous criminal who has eluded authorities, the documentary suggests the war on drugs has been ineffective. To help shed further light on the war on drugs as it relates to the documentary, the following source will be consulted:
Kellner, T., & Pipitone, F. (2010). Inside Mexico’s drug war. World Policy Journal, 27 (1), 29.37.
The Media and Glorification of the Drug Trade
How the media glorifies the drug trade and such criminals as El Chapo is another contextual lens that will be used to analyze the documentary. As one watches the documentary, they are left with the impression that El Chapo is a dangerous man who leads a lavish lifestyle. Additionally, the film indicates that El Chapo is a smart man who has eluded authorities and has managed to establish an expansive and highly lucrative business. By presenting him in this light, the documentary essentially glorifies El Chapo. The documentary is a promotional video for the drug trade. As part of efforts to highlight how the media sabotages the war on drugs by legitimizing and glorifying drug lords, insights from the following source will be borrowed:
Guevara, A. Y. (2013). Propaganda in Mexico’s drug war. Journal of Strategic Security, 6 (3), 131-51.
El Chapo
El Chapo is the main subject of the documentary. Therefore, his person is a crucial contextual resource for obtaining more in-depth insights into the documentary. His life has been explored extensively in literature. The following source will be reviewed to inform the discussion on how the documentary relates to El Chapo and the larger drug trade in Mexico.
Morris, S. D. (2012). Corruption, drug trafficking, and violence in Mexico. The Brown Journal of World Affairs, 18 (2), 29-43.
In addition to the sources mentioned above, the following sources will also form part of the analysis of the documentary:
Jagernauth, K. (2014). Review: documentary ‘drug lord: the legend of Shorty’. Indie Wire. Retrieved October 5, 2019, from https://www.indiewire.com/2014/11/review-documentary-drug-lord-the-legend-of-shorty-270080/
The citation indicates this is essentially a review of the documentary. Jagernauth critics various elements, from the plot to the films and the technical features. This source is relevant because it enables the audience to determine how the stylistic tools that the creators of the documentary employed combine to drive their message. While Jagernauth dismisses the documentary as lacking compelling production quality, he admits the film is a timely reminder of the chaos and devastation that El Chapo caused. By incorporating this source into the analysis, it is hoped a more in-depth and balanced understanding of El Chapo and the war on drugs will be acquired.
Loudis, J. (2019). El Chapo: what the rise and fall of the kingpin reveals about the war on drugs. The Guardian. Retrieved October 5, 2019, from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/07/el-chapo-the-last-of-the-cartel-kingpins
There is no doubt this article by Loudis is highly relevant. Its relevance can be seen in the fact that it draws deep connections between El Chapo and the US efforts to tackle drug trafficking. In particular, the article presents El Chapo as the face of drug trafficking and a serious threat to US law enforcement efforts. The article’s integration into the analysis will enrich the discussion on how El Chapo embodies the evil of crime and the function the media played in sanitizing his actions.
Taylor, A. (2018). ‘El Chapo’ is contained. The drug war is not. The Washington Post. Retrieved October 5, 2019, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2019/07/18/el-chapo-is-contained-drug-war-is-not/
The article focuses on El Chapo’s arrest. He argues that his arrest does not mark the end of the war on drugs. According to Taylor, corruption remains a serious problem the US must address if it is to succeed in eliminating drug trafficking. Taylor’s text is essential because it helps to highlight how deeply rooted the problem of drug trafficking is and the ineffectiveness of the war on drugs.
Contextual Framework
The documentary Drug Lord: the Legend of Shorty spotlights a serious problem with which the United States (US) continues to grapple. This documentary presents the drug trade and the various policies the US has adopted to tackle this problem. In particular, it shows how the US has failed to rid Mexico of its numerous drug cartels and how, each year, vast amounts of illicit substances make their way into the US. While the documentary is still fascinating even when taken at face value, deeper insights can be gained by placing the documentary in its proper context. It is particularly important to examine the documentary within the contexts of the US war on drugs, how the media glorifies the drug trade, and the life of El Chapo. These three contextual frames help to narrow down the discussion as well as to critically dissect Drug Lord: the Legend of Shorty.
The War on Drugs
As noted above, the US war on drugs is among the tools that help to frame the documentary. In a bid to protect its population against the hazard of substance and drug abuse, the US launched the war on drugs. Many have described this effort as highly ineffective. For example, according to Kellner and Pipitone (2010), the war on drugs has done little to limit the influence and activities of drug gangs, most of which operate in Mexico. Kellner and Pipitone hold that instead of tackling drug trade, this war has fueled its rise. The drug trade is a bigger problem today than it was at the time of its launch. Drug Lord: the Legend of Shorty addresses how the law enforcement authorities in Mexico and the US are struggling to contain the drug problem. This documentary makes it clear that thanks to the war on drugs, Mexico has been reduced to a war-ravaged country that has fallen into the hands of drug cartels. Mainly, the US and Mexico authorities have set the conditions that have allowed such individuals as El Chapo, the prime subject of the documentary, to thrive.
An even more precise understanding of the documentary can be gained through a look at the instability and other crises that have resulted from the hugely unsuccessful war on drugs. As a result of this war, Mexico’s law enforcement has become heavily militarized (Mercille, 2014). Scenes of heavily armed police officers and military personnel raiding communities in Mexico are rather familiar. These scenes help to explain the rise of El Chapo. When the very government from which they expect protection terrorizes communities, it should not be surprising if they turn to such drug lords as El Chapo. In the documentary, El Chapo is presented as a hugely popular individual who commands immense respect and tremendous admiration. His star-status can be linked directly to the costly, ineffective, and brutal war on drugs.
Another element of the war on drugs that helps to expound the documentary is the immense focus placed on physical violence. As the documentary makes clear, the law enforcement agencies responding to the drug problem seem to prefer heavy-handed and needlessly violent techniques. They knock down walls and deploy elite forces. Due to this approach, the drug problem has spilled beyond Mexico’s borders. The US and South American countries have been dragged into the crisis (Thiago, 2012). The war on drugs has become a global problem. In addition to addicts, this war has also impacted communities, nations, and the entire global fraternity. It is, therefore, little wonder the documentary draws on the perspectives and experiences of various parties to highlight the massive scale of the drug trafficking challenge.
Glorification of the Drug Trade in Media
How the media compounds the problem of drug trafficking is another frame through which the documentary can be viewed. Instead of focusing their attention on concrete and substantial issues, the producers of the documentary gave much focus to spectacle and drama. For example, the documentary glamorizes El Chapo, focusing on his immense wealth and seems to endorse the violent techniques he employed. Unfortunately, this documentary is simply a representation of the tendency by the media to glorify and sanitize vices. It has been observed that media portrayals of drug abuse and trafficking are positive (Haines-Saah et al., 2014). As a result of these depictions, these vices are becoming more socially acceptable and even regarded with envy. The media has become a tool that allows drug traffickers to spread propaganda and build a positive brand (Guevara, 2013). The documentary is a manifestation of the complicity of the media in promoting drug trafficking, thereby placing the health and lives of thousands in grave danger.
The rise of narco cinema is one of the issues that underscore the glorification of drug trafficking in the media and how this is a useful context for understanding Drug Lord: the Legend of Shorty. It has been noted with concern that more and more documentaries and films which glamorize drug trafficking are being produced (Reyes-Vega & Brena, 2014). For example, there are numerous documentaries available on such platforms as Netflix and YouTube. Instead of being objective in their depiction of drug trafficking, these media tend to present this problem in a positive light. In fact, some of the documentaries and films feature popular actors and actresses who help them to gain greater acceptance and larger audiences (MacLaird, 2013) . There is no question the media is not a reliable ally in the war on drugs.
El Chapo
As already stated, El Chapo is the primary focus of the documentary. His life and exploits offer another vital context for examining the documentary. Outside Mexico, El Chapo is primarily regarded as a villainous individual who led one of the most brutal regimes in Mexico. He is blamed for hundreds of deaths and unimaginable anguish that the people of Mexico continue to grapple. To understand El Chapo and the documentary, one needs to place his activities within the broader context of drug trafficking, violence, and the war on drugs. As the documentary makes clear, El Chapo is just one of numerous other drug lords who have ravaged Mexico.
Additionally, he was the subject of a manhunt that eventually led to his capture and conviction by a US court. However, even now that he is in prison, the drug problem is far from solved (Taylor, 2018). The stubbornness of this problem shows that some deeper underlying issues must be addressed if this problem is to be eliminated.
No discussion of El Chapo would be complete without a look at the role that violence plays in the drug trade. As the documentary makes clear, El Chapo and his organization relied heavily on violence to ensure their success. In addition to politicians, El Chapo also targeted journalists and judicial officials. Basically, he sought to eliminate any and all individuals who posed a threat to his operations. He orchestrated kidnappings and bombings. Additionally, he terrorized communities in Mexico in an apparent attempt to obtain loyalty and win support. From the documentary, it is clear that El Chapo and his organization do not have a monopoly on violence. Across Mexico, gangs harness the dread and devastation that violence can cause to stoke fear and secure respect. The documentary captures the deadly gang wars and how El Chapo successfully leveraged violence to assert and protect the dominance of his organization. By analyzing the documentary through the framework of El Chapo’s actions, one is able to recognize the intricate relationship between violence and drug trafficking.
Corruption is yet another issue that helps to shed light on how El Chapo managed to maintain a tight grip on the Mexican drug trafficking industry. As noted above, violence appeared to be his preferred weapon. However, according to the documentary, El Chapo understood that in order to win over influential individuals such as political leaders, he needed to use soft power. He offered politicians huge amounts in bribes as part of a successful effort to sabotage the war on drugs. Additionally, the documentary indicates that El Chapo used his vast wealth to obtain the support and protection of the law enforcement agencies in Mexico. What is clear from El Chapo’s success is that corruption serves to advance drug trafficking. When a nation’s bureaucratic system is contaminated with corrupt officers, it is nearly impossible for the nation to achieve success in its campaign to eradicate such problems as drug trafficking. It is therefore not surprising that in addition to evading Mexican and American authorities for years, El Chapo was able to escape from prison twice.
It is true that El Chapo’s success is largely the result of the corrupt Mexican law enforcement and criminal justice system and his ability to use his influence to win support. However, after an analysis of the documentary, what emerges is that El Chapo continues to exert influence due to the inadvertent support that the media has offered. The role that the media has played is exemplified by the documentary. The documentary portrays El Chapo as a dangerous and highly successful kingpin. While this characterization is accurate, it serves to embolden El Chapo. In essence, combined with other media, the documentary functions as El Chapo’s mouthpiece. It allows El Chapo to convey a message of fear. For instance, in the documentary, focus is given to the deadly attacks that El Chapo has perpetrated. Anyone watching these scenes would be frightened. This helps to advance El Chapo’s campaign of fear. Therefore, it is fair to accuse the media of helping to accelerate El Chapo’s rise and to cement his position as the most revered kingpin in the Mexican and international drug trafficking industry.
In closing, there is no doubt drug trafficking is still one of the most pressing issues the US faces today. This problem has persisted despite the tremendous effort that the US has committed. In partnership with the authorities in Mexico, the US continues to pursue drug traffickers. However, as Drug Lord: the Legend of Shorty makes clear, this effort has largely been ineffective. The war on drugs, El Chapo, and the role of the media are among the frames that help to contextualize the documentary. Thanks to these contexts, it is clear that drug trafficking is a severe challenge that demands sophisticated and more concerted effort.
Visual Analysis
The media is among the key stakeholders playing a vital role in the war on drugs. For instance, the media facilitates this war by sharing information with the public. However, there are some instances where the role of the press becomes controversial. Among these instances is when media outlets portray drug lords and the drug trade in a positive light. As they do this, they undermine the efforts of law enforcement agencies and place communities in grave danger. To gain a deeper understanding of the function that the media serves, an analysis of Drug Lord: The Legend of Shorty was performed. This documentary captures the war on drugs, the efforts of the American and Mexican governments, and the strategies that El Chapo used to avoid arrest. The main takeaway from the documentary is that the war on drugs is an accurate and sobering representation of the intersection of race, class, nationality, and the ravaging impacts of substance abuse.
Summary of Narrative
As noted above, Drug Lord: The Legend of Shorty offers insight into the war on drugs. It tracks the journey of two journalists who attempt to find El Chapo. As it provides viewers a look into this journey, the documentary also sheds light on the various elements of the drug trade. For example, it shows how El Chapo and his cartel built a sophisticated distribution network that spanned all major global markets.
Additionally, the documentary highlights the damage that El Chapo’s cartel has caused in the United States (US). Chicago is among the cities that are singled out as having been ravaged by substance abuse, gang violence, and drug trafficking. Another issue that the documentary highlights is the role violence plays in drug trafficking. It helps viewers to understand that El Chapo relied heavily on violent tactics to tackle rival gangs, eliminate threats in government and frighten journalists. To substantiate these claims, the documentary relies on the testimonies of experts and individuals with intimate knowledge regarding the hunt for El Chapo. This documentary is remarkably enlightening and helps to draw connections between the themes addressed in the course and the dynamics of the war on drugs.
Portrayal of Mexico, Latinos and US-Mexico Relations
The scope of this project is limited; the analysis of the documentary was confined to a few minutes that were found to offer the best reflection of the entire documentary. The focus was given to the first 10 minutes. The documentary stereotypically portrays Mexico and Latinos. It presents Mexico as a lawless nation that is war-ravaged, unstable, and the perfect platform for drug trafficking. For instance, the documentary shows police officers struggling to rein in on drug trafficking. In fact, it represents such gangs as El Chapo’s organization as the de facto law enforcement agency in the country. Additionally, the two journalists tracking El Chapo confess that they truly feared for their lives. The documentary also shows several scenes where heavily armed gang members patrol the streets in Mexico. These scenes are clear evidence that Mexico’s law enforcement agencies are overwhelmed and lack the capacity to restore order. A country that cannot guarantee the safety of journalists trying to reveal a serious problem is clearly lawless and unstable.
Additionally, the documentary portrays Latinos and Mexicans as inferior and being overly willing to participate in the drug trade. For example, the first ten minutes of the documentary show young and desperate Mexican men carrying out attacks on rival gangs and Mexican communities. These men are essentially presented as poor and lacking the opportunities for advancement. They are essentially at the mercy of El Chapo and other drug lords who exploit their desperation to advance their interests. The inferiority of Latinos and Mexicans can also be seen in how Mexican communities have fully embraced drug trafficking organizations. One would expect that given the devastation that the drug trafficking problem has caused, Mexicans would be united in their opposition to this problem. Sadly, this is not the case. As the documentary shows, El Chapo and other drug kingpins enjoy tremendous support from the Mexican people. This support serves to highlight the desperation of Mexican communities. To ensure their survival, these communities are forced to yield to the influence and power of drug traffickers. In addition to being insulting, this portrayal poses a severe threat to the Latino community. As Florez et al. (2015) found out, many Latinos in the US are striving to embrace the American culture and have rejected drugs, addiction, and trafficking. Therefore, by presenting Latinos as being heavily involved in the drug trade, the documentary reverses gains that this community has made.
The relations between the US and Mexico are another issue the film explores. Surprisingly, the documentary portrays the relationships as positive and collaborative. It indicates the two nations have a common problem and have joined forces to eliminate it. The documentary achieves this through footage and narrative. For instance, the documentary shows such American law enforcement agencies as Drug Enforcement Administration (EDA) being dispatched to Mexico to combat drug trafficking. These agencies work in concert with the authorities in Mexico. In fact, the documentary suggests that without American support, Mexican authorities would make no progress in the war on drug trafficking. The narrator in the documentary also describes how despite the danger that they faced, officers from the US remained relentless in their pursuit of El Chapo. It is worth noting that there are some scenes where the documentary underscores the tensions between the two countries. For example, it presents Mexico as the leading supplier of the drugs consumed in the US. The music that introduces the documentary depicts the US as a nation that is hooked on drugs and the Mexican drug cartels are more than happy to satisfy this national need for drugs. It is indeed true that the relations between the US and Mexico have become strained as the latter blames the former for not doing enough to tackle drug trafficking (De Cordoba & Donati, 2019). Therefore, the documentary is accurate in its depiction of the US-Mexico relations.
Representation of Themes
The primary subject matter of the documentary is the war on drugs. In exploring this subject, the documentary offers an analysis that is primarily rooted in expert testimony. For example, it presents the views of an official working with the Drug Enforcement Agency to stem the flow of drugs into the US from Mexico. In performing this analysis, the documentary presents the thesis that the war on drugs has failed because of conspiracy, the persuasive techniques employed by traffickers, and the limited capacity of the law enforcement authorities in the US. This analysis helps shed light on the factors that have contributed to the failure of the war on drugs.
Use of Visual Strategies
Visual strategies play a crucial role in advancing the themes of the documentary. This documentary expertly employs simple yet effective editing techniques, lighting, and music. For example, the El Chapo image is presented in black and white. This technique is intended to depict him as menacing and dangerous. Furthermore, this lighting technique is clearly intended to eliminate distractions and allow viewers to understand El Chapo fully. Suppose that this scene was presented in full color. There is some chance that viewers would be drawn to the color and lose focus of the message that the documentary aims to convey: El Chapo is a dangerous drug lord who is to be feared. Additionally, scenes portraying Mexico are in black and white while those capturing places in the US are in full color. It can be argued that the difference in color is meant to highlight the massive differences between the US and Mexico. While drug trafficking and the drug trade affect both countries, Mexico has borne the brunt of these problems. Furthermore, the portrayal of Mexico in black and white helps to highlight how drug trafficking has robbed the nation of life and excitement. When communities in Mexico face the constant threat of death and devastation, it is nearly impossible for them to fully experience the joys of life. Therefore, it must be that the creators of the documentary used black and white to show that drug trafficking had far-reaching and adverse impacts on Mexican communities.
Music is another tool that the documentary uses. Playing in the background are songs that glamorize the drug trade, demonize the US, and glorify the El Chapo. For instance, the documentary is introduced by a song which refers to Americans as “Gringos” with an insatiable appetite for cocaine. Additionally, the song suggests that such individuals as El Chapo are simply businessmen who exploit the business opportunity that the US provides. Furthermore, this song describes members of drug gangs as brave soldiers working to expand Mexico’s influence. Basically, this song captures the essence of drug trafficking by showing how drug kingpins are driven by greed and have little concern for the people whose lives they affect. Imposing these songs into the documentary, the creators are trying to offer some background insight and allow audiences to understand the nuances and complex dynamics of the war on drugs and the relations between the US and Mexico.
Representation of Gender, Class, Race, and Nation
The scene selected for analysis offers insightful representations of gender, class, race, the US, and Mexico. Regarding gender, the documentary suggests that drug trafficking is a male occupation. In the first ten minutes, there are no women shown in the documentary. All law enforcement agents and drug traffickers are potent. By omitting women, the film essentially indicates that drug trafficking and the war on drugs capture the interactions of the male gender and their power. To participate in these affairs, one must either have the tools of violence or strength to push for policies. Thus, it is not surprising that women are not prominently featured in the documentary since they do not have such power.
Class and race are also explored in the film. Concerning class, the documentary shows how the poor are most vulnerable to being drawn into drug trafficking. Being a wealthy and powerful man, El Chapo managed to persuade hundreds of desperate and needy people to join his gang. For instance, the documentary shows dozens of young men carrying guns and walking into dangerous situations to defend El Chapo’s business interests. The documentary also shows that racial minorities in the US have been caught in the grip of drug trafficking. For instance, it captures African American men selling drugs on the streets of Chicago. These African Americans are poor, desperate and lack access to opportunities. This is why they are drawn to drug trafficking. Therefore, the documentary is essentially a commentary on how such influential individuals as El Chapo exploit desperation and hopelessness to advance their agenda.
In conclusion, El Chapo: The Legend of Shorty is an informative and eye-opening documentary. This documentary examines the US-led war on drugs and the factors that led to its failure. It also highlights the violence that surrounds drug trafficking and the toll substance abuse has had on communities in the US and Mexico. Additionally, the documentary helps one to understand how power and politics have influenced drug trafficking and the war on drugs. For any individual who wishes to understand these issues, the documentary is easy to recommend.
References
Campbell, H. (2009). Drug War Zone: Frontline Dispatches from the Streets of el Paso and Juárez. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
De Cordoba, J., & Donati, J. (2019). Mexico’s failure to stem violence strains relationship with U.S. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved November 18, 2019 from https://www.wsj.com/articles/gunbattle-underlines-mexicos-struggle-to-stem-cartel-violence-even-with-u-s-help-11572024172
Florez, K. R., Derose, K. P., Breslau, J., Griffin, B. A., Haas, A. C., Kanouse, D. E., Stucky, B. D., & Williams, M. V. (2015). Acculturation and drug addiction stigma among Latinos and African Americans: An examination of a church-based sample. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 17 (6), 1607-14.
Guevara, A. Y. (2013). Propaganda in Mexico’s drug war. Journal of Strategic Security, 6(3), 131-51.
Kellner, T., & Pipitone, F. (2010). Inside Mexico’s drug war. World Policy Journal, 27(1), 29.37.
MacLaird, M. (2013). Documentaries and celebrities, democracy and impunity: thawing the revolution in twenty-first-century Mexico. Social Identities, 19, 468-84.
Mercille, J. (2014). The media-entertainment industry and the “war on drugs” in Mexico. Latin American Perspectives, 41 (2), 110-129.
Haines-Saah, R. J., Johnson, J. L., Repta, R., Ostry, A., Young, M. L., Shoveller, J., Sawatzky, R., Greaves, L., & Ratner, P. A. (2014). The privileged normalization of marijuana use – an analysis of Canadian newspaper reporting, 1997–2007. Critical Public Health, 24 (1), 47-61.
Reyes-Vega, H. A., & Brena, M. O. (2014). Biopolitics and disposable bodies: a critical reading of Almazan’s “entre perros”. Latin American Perspectives, 41 (2), 189-201.
Taylor, A. (2018). ‘El Chapo’ is contained. The drug war is not. The Washington Post. Retrieved October 5, 2019 from https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2019/07/18/el-chapo-is-contained-drug-war-is-not/
Thiago, R. (2012). Drug-trafficking and militarization in the Americas: the addiction to war. Contexto Internacional, 34 (1), 9-41.
