Introduction
Over recent years, Middle East countries have been rocked with violence from the numerous Islamist-terrorist groups who strongly oppose Western ideologies. The increased cases of violence and political instability in the regions have made most Western countries review their foreign policies regarding the Middle East countries, especially war infested areas. Most countries structure their foreign policies in line with Middle East countries. This paper will annotate ten peer-reviewed references on the effects of foreign policies in the Middle East. The study will capture both dependent and independent variables; the dependent variable is associated with factors which can be measured while the independent variable does depend on factors which cannot be measured
Engelbert, T., Bektasoglu, B., & Brockmeier, M. (2014). Moving toward the EU or the Middle East? An assessment of alternative Turkish foreign policies utilizing the GTAP framework. Food policy , 47 , 46-61 .
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This article is about an assessment of Turkish foreign policy towards the Middle East and the European Union. The authors evaluate the Turkish foreign policy evaluation towards the Arabic world; it analyzes the potential effects of Turkey's membership in the Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) and the European Union. The authors use the most current version of the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) database and the gravity border effect approach in estimating the non-tariff barriers and the ad-valorem tariff equivalents. In the overall research analysis, the authors account for twenty-four different sectors. In their evaluation, they focus on agricultural and food sectors because the selected topics are associated with non-tariff and high tariff protection. In the simulative analysis of Computable General Equilibrium, the authors contemplate removing tariff and non-tariff barriers concurrently. Based on the GTPA framework projection, the authors concluded that Turkey's government is likely to gain significantly from European membership. However, for the case of GAFTA membership, the benefits are limited.
Shah, M. H. (2016). Financial development and foreign direct investment: The case of the Middle East and North African (MENA) developing nations.
In this research paper, the author discusses foreign direct investment financial management, a case study of North African and the Middle East countries. The study aims to identify the likelihood of financial development effecting foreign data investment in North African and Middle East developing countries. The author gathered yearly data for ten countries selected from the two regions between 1988 and 2015. Financial development was having a significant positive influence on foreign countries based on data analysis. The study captures various factors such as trade agreements, market size, liberalization, infrastructure, and microeconomic stability in determining the financial development impact. The author also considered the disparity in time trends, thus making the study outcome free of omitted variables. Considering all other factors, the author concluded that the financial development dramatically affects the foreign direct investment inflow in the Middle East and North African countries.
Krieg, A. (2016). Externalizing the burden of war: the Obama Doctrine and US foreign policy in the Middle East. International Affairs , 92 (1), 97-113.
In this article, the author discusses the strained relationship between the United States and the Middle East. He describes the fears that the Middle East and Arab Spring have posed on Western countries, particularly the United States. With the rising cases of insecurities blamed on the Middle East countries, the US government is taking stricter measures to reduce Arab countries' security threats. According to the author, Obama's administration is overwhelmed by high cases of insecurities that have made it challenging to decide on the roles that the American government would play in managing economic and political legacy, which largely depends on the delegation's policy. The author argues that Obama's administration has played a critical role in protecting the United States' interests in the Middle East. The study concludes that the US policy has profound consequences in the region; the United States has jeopardized its standings to protect its interest in the region.
Kirisci, K. (2011). Turkey's" demonstrative effect" and the transformation of the Middle East. Insight Turkey , 13 (2), 33.
This article discusses the transformation of the Middle East in regards to Turkey's demonstrative effect. The author describes how the uprising strings in Egypt, Tunisia, and other Middle East countries have contributed to Turkey's demonstrative effects. Turkey's issue is establishing a model for democratization and reform in the Middle East. Turkey's government's demonstrative effect has been a matter of debate among the Arab and Western commentators. The author has developed a demonstrative effect concept, which he believes could make the Turkish model an issue of great interest to the Middle East. The author identifies functional developments that could be affected by the model, including the image of turkey's foreign policy, the growth of the "trading state and Turkey's democratization diffusion. The article's conclusion describes the Turkish government's challenges to enhance positive demonstrative impact.
Salman, M., & Geeraerts, G. (2013). The impact of strategic hedging on the foreign politics of great powers: the case of Chinese energy strategy in the Middle East. In China Goes Global Conference, September (pp. 25-27).
In this article, the authors define the strategic hedging impact on foreign policies, particularly the impact of Chinese energy strategy in the Middle East. The authors identify a strategic hedging framework used to trace foreign polices determinants associated with extraordinary powers. A case study of China and the Middle East is used in their research. The authors use various criteria to prove that the Chinese energy security strategy in the Middle East is an example of strategic behavior. The study also captures oil production in the Middle East countries and its impact on the growing relationship between China and Middle East countries. The study finding reveals that oil production in the Middle East plays a critical role in building the relationship between China and the countries. It was concluded that strategic hedging behavior confirms China's economic relations with Middle East countries.
Al-Mulali, U., & Ozturk, I. (2015). The effect of energy consumption, urbanization, trade openness, industrial output, and the political stability on the environmental degradation in the MENA (the Middle East and North African) region. Energy , 84 , 382-389.
In this study, the authors investigate various events leading to environmental degradation in North African and the Middle East countries. To achieve the research objective, the author uses a panel model to represent environmental degradation taken between 1996 and 2012. According to the result extracted from the Pedroni cointegration test, energy consumption, trade openness, ecological footprint, industrial development, and urbanization are cointegrated. Furthermore, the fully modified ordinary least square (FMLOS) indicated that urbanization, industrial development, and energy consumption increases environmental degradation and lessens the political stability in the long run. The variables used by the authors have both short term and long term fundamental relationship with the ecological footprint.
Hassan, O. (2020). Crisis, narratives, and the construction of US-Middle East relations: continuity and change in world history and Trump's America First. Global Affairs , 6 (1), 121-141.
In this article, the author creates a constructivist conception of how an individual can analyze change or continuity in the United States' foreign policy and how it influences the relationship between the United States and other countries, particularly the Middle East. The author explains the United States' efforts to establish lasting relationships with Middle East countries to give the country a security advantage. The study explores the role of the relationship and its impact on the possible crisis. According to the study outcome, the Trump administration has adopted the first American policy-paradigm that does not support free trade.
Forte, R., & Moura, R. (2013). The effects of foreign direct investment on the host country's economic growth: theory and empirical evidence. The Singapore Economic Review , 58 (03), 1350017.
In this article, the author discusses the impact of direct investment on the host country's economic growth. The authors describe the influence of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on the host country's economic growth through several channels. The authors review the current literature review to explain their study results. Some studies indicate that foreign direct investment can enhance economic growth, but others conclude it is a negative effect. According to the study finding, it was concluded that the FDI effects on economic growth rely on the host country's domestic conditions such as economic, human capital, and technological condition. Therefore, the host countries' governments have vital role in developing conditions to leverage positive effects and reduce the negative impact of foreign direct investment on the host nation.
Arain, G. A., Bhatti, Z. A., Ashraf, N., & Fang, Y. H. (2020). Top-down knowledge hiding in organizations: an empirical study of the consequences of supervisor knowledge hiding among local and foreign workers in the Middle East. Journal of Business Ethics , 164 (3), 611-625.
This study explores penalties of supervisor knowledge hiding among various foreign and local workers within Middle East countries. The research is about the growing studies on knowledge hiding consequences in different organizations across the globe. This paper investigates the direct and indirect consequences of knowledge hiding, concluding reciprocity norma, and social exchange theory. The study seeks to examine the relationship between the supervisee organizational citizenship behavior and the supervisor knowledge within the Middle East context. According to the study findings, suspicion of supervisees' facilitates a negative relationship between organizational citizenship behavior and supervisor knowledge hiding.
Alsmadi, A. A., & Oudat, M. S. (2019). The effect of foreign direct investment on financial development: Empirical evidence from Bahrain. Ekonomski pregled , 70 (1), 22-40.
In this article, the authors examine the relationship between financial development in Bahrain and foreign direct investment. The authors estimated the effects of financial development between the period of 1978 and 2015. Besides, they capture the current political conflicts within the Middle East. The study also analyzes the relationship between financial development and foreign direct investments. The author employs the Granger causality test to investigate the relationship. The research findings indicate that the relationship between financial development and FDI is significantly positive. Additionally, the result reveals that the relationship is bidirectional.
Bibliography
Al-Mulali, U., & Ozturk, I. (2015). The effect of energy consumption, urbanization, trade openness, industrial output, and the political stability on the environmental degradation in the MENA (Middle East and North African) region. Energy , 84 , 382-389.
Alsmadi, A. A., & Oudat, M. S. (2019). The effect of foreign direct investment on financial development: Empirical evidence from Bahrain. Ekonomski pregled , 70 (1), 22-40.
Arain, G. A., Bhatti, Z. A., Ashraf, N., & Fang, Y. H. (2020). Top-down knowledge hiding in organizations: an empirical study of the consequences of supervisor knowledge hiding among local and foreign workers in the Middle East. Journal of Business Ethics , 164 (3), 611-625.
Engelbert, T., Bektasoglu, B., & Brockmeier, M. (2014). Moving toward the EU or the Middle East? An assessment of alternative Turkish foreign policies utilizing the GTAP framework. Food policy , 47 , 46-61.
Forte, R., & Moura, R. (2013). The effects of foreign direct investment on the host country's economic growth: theory and empirical evidence. The Singapore Economic Review , 58 (03), 1350017.
Hassan, O. (2020). Crisis, narratives, and the construction of US-Middle East relations: continuity and change in world history and Trump's America First. Global Affairs , 6 (1), 121-141.
Kirisci, K. (2011). Turkey's" demonstrative effect" and the transformation of the Middle East. Insight Turkey , 13 (2), 33.
Krieg, A. (2016). Externalizing the burden of war: the Obama Doctrine and US foreign policy in the Middle East. International Affairs , 92 (1), 97-113.
Salman, M., & Geeraerts, G. (2013). The impact of strategic hedging on the foreign politics of great powers: the case of Chinese energy strategy in the Middle East. In China Goes Global Conference, September (pp. 25-27).
Shah, M. H. (2016). Financial development and foreign direct investment: The case of Middle East and North African (MENA) developing nations.
