The feminist theory focused on the relations and familiarities in the community to ensure that almost half of the population in the world is not left behind in anything we see or understand. This theory is about seeing the world in a way that lightens the forces that support and create social injustice, discrimination, and persecution. Daly and Chesney-Lind came up with some insightful work on what they considered the distinctive features of the feminist theory. They believe that the past criminology theories did not have any understanding of crime since they omitted gender from their reviews. The first feature they came up with is that different genders are not a fact that is natural but it is a very intricate cultural, social and historical. They added that gender was related but not simply derivative from reproductive capabilities and biological sex differences (Cote, 2002). The second feature was that gender relations have a relationship social life and social institutions in ultimate ways. The third feature was that gender constructs and relations of femininity and masculinity that are grounded on the principle of superiority of men and political-economic and social supremacy over women. The fourth feature is that the production of knowledge is gendered because knowledge reflects the views of men in the social and natural world. The five feature of the feminist theory by Daly and Chesney-Lind is that women should always be seen as a center of intelligence inquest and not seen as imperceptible, peripheral and supplements to the male gender (Cote, 2002).
Question 3
Laub and Samson came up five aspects to the process of resistance during adulthood. First, they argue that whirling points such as employment and marriage bring stages of change in human beings. They do not use the entry of these turning points as a choice, but they view them as unexpected events where a person bumps into the right partner. The second aspect is that they contend that these structural turning point events in a human being create strong bonds that intensify the control over offenders informally. They believe that bonds can offer social support which brings attachments and indirect control (Lilly, Cullen & Ball, 2007). Thirdly, they observe that the daily routine of offenders change from unstructured to structured lives and are filled with responsibilities when they move into marriages and jobs. As a result, offenders are pulled out from bad company and influences. The fourth aspect is that pre-social lifestyle resistance of some behaviors by default. Offenders get bonded to commitment and invest in their new way of life which makes them see little sense in sacrificing everything they have for a stupid criminal adventure (Lilly, Cullen & Ball, 2007). The fifth aspect is that the change is not inborn or a moment of experience but a process of deepening and strengthening the social involvement with other people. Also, the change drives offenders from their lifestyle that is full of crimes.
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Question 4
Every president in the United States has tried to create new measures to curb drug trafficking and use in the US. Despite these measures, drug addiction has become a dangerous phenomenon since the I980s which is as a result of the rise of popularity in cocaine use among the people in the middle and upper class. The “War on Drugs” was started by the First Lady Nancy Reagan with the “Just Say No” campaign back in the year 1980 (Eldredge, 2000). It focused on teaching young adults to say no to the use of any illegal drug. Reagan felt that it was important to curb the use of drugs because many drug traffickers earned a lot of profits. She believed that the use of drugs broke family ties, businesses and connected people to crime. Despite her effort to stop drug trafficking, the use of drugs was not successful because approximately 20 to 40 million people still used drugs, an issue that President George Bush was to deal with. In Bush’s reign of leadership, he became successful in reducing approximately 22% of cocaine use which was a very significant victory for the government (Eldredge, 2000). People in the middle social class had finally opened their eyes to the effects of using cocaine. However, the war on drugs was not fully successful because it did not stop drug use among the poor people. Essentially, more poor people turned to the use of cocaine, crack and heroin in the year 1992. By the end of George Bush’s administration, over one million people stilled used cocaine and smoked crack. During the war on drugs, the crime rates increased and the year 1989, Bennett took hold of the capital of the nation to test as a case, but after a year of trying to fight drug use, he admitted failure. The use of drugs did not decline, and crimes rates remained steady (Eldredge, 2000).
Question 5
Over the past two decades, much research has been done to determine how the use of drugs starts and how it progresses as time goes by. Many factors can lead a person to be at risk of addiction. Risk factors are factors that increase someone’s chance to use and abuse drugs while protective factors are factors that reduce the risk of beings a drug addict. Both protective and risk factors can affect the life of someone at different stages of life (Cournoyer, 2008). At each stage of life, there is the occurrence of risks that can be changed through the prevention method. Risk factors influence the use of drugs in several ways because the more the child is exposed to the risk, the more the likelihood of the child to abuse drugs. Some risk factors are more powerful in some early stages of development (Cournoyer, 2008). One example of a risk factor is peer pressure in teenagers which can be prevented through a strong bond of the parent and child. This bond has a significant impact on reducing the risks in the early years of development. Other examples of risk factors are aggressive behavior in early childhood and lack of supervision from parents. Protective factors to prevent risk factors include development of self-control, parental monitoring to children and strong neighborhood bonds to reduce poverty (Schroeder, 2002).
References
Cote, S. (2002). Criminological theories: Bridging the past to the future . Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
Cournoyer, B. (2008). The social work skills workbook. Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole.
Eldredge, D. C. (2000). Ending the war on drugs: A solution for America . Bridgehampton, N.Y: Bridge Works Pub. Co.
Lilly, J. R., Cullen, F. T., & Ball, R. A. (2007). Criminological theory: Context and consequences . London: SAGE.
Schroeder, C. S., & Gordon, B. N. (2002). Assessment and treatment of childhood problems: A clinician's guide . New York: The Guilford Press.
