Majority minority districts are electoral districts in which the racial minority comprise the majority of the district’s local population. For example, Georgia or Mississippi a populace where the majority is of African- Americans. The districts were created in line with voting act rights of 1965 that forbid racial discrimination in voting, allowing minority groups to determine the minority leader of their choosing.
The speaker plays the presiding and administrative role in the house. They are responsible for ensuring the majority party's legislative agenda is aired and passed and oversee the non-legislative business of the house. They have the power to administer proceedings, make motions, and appoint members to conference committees.
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The house rules committee is the mechanism the speaker uses to maintain control on the house's floor. It is vital because it has vast power that allows the speaker to influence the house's legislation processes and has the jurisdiction of the house rules. Examples include special rules such as open rule where a member can offer an amendment, modified open rules for preprinted bills in the Congress, and closed rules for amendment of committee recommendations.
An executive order is a president’s directive that authorizes federal action within the scope of their authority but without the United States congress's approval. They can be issued in favor of the President when they disagree with the Congress on a policy. Still, when making policy changes, creating or abolishing executive branch agencies, regulatory and administrative processes, and programs.
Theodore Roosevelt shifted the power from Congress to the presidency through executive action by signing the Antiquities Act in 1906. Although he worked closely with Congress, he clearly defined his legislative powers by utilizing “bully pulpit” to convince Congress on agendas that he used to change the administration's relationship to huge businesses in the 1903 Elkins act. He also signed laws and executive orders that expanded the federal government's reach in conservation.
The Cabinet is inclusive of heads of departments, the President, and vice president. Cabinet members' job is to advise the President regarding any matter on the obligations of every individual office and still advocate for their departments. On the other hand, the White House staff is headed by the chief of staff mandated to oversee the President's executive office, including communication to the public and access to the oval.
The unitary executive suggests that the President should have the sole command over the executive arm of government. I do not believe it is practical as it leads to an autocratic type of governance. Hence, the head of state could assume control over bureaucracies that enjoy independence, such as the judiciary.
Congress utilizes the constitution, such as article I, to influence federal bureaucracy, oversee and enumerate agencies through legislation. Also, the revision of statues is vital to evaluate the agency's mission. They use congressional committees to oversee the implementation of federal law, conduct audits and hearings.
The Administrative Procedure Act (APA) oversees the procedure by which government offices create and issue guidelines. It incorporates prerequisites for publishing proposed and final rulemaking in the Federal Register. The APA was enacted in 1946 to offer and issue guidelines, a procedure known as rulemaking.
Independent regulatory commissions are establishments within the executive branch created through a congressional act free from political or administrative influence. They are removed from Congress and presidential authority for maximal centrality of decision making and insulation of federal agencies without fear of termination by the President. It also intends to relieve the agencies from political pressure and interests.
The elements include lobbying, cohesiveness, and groupthink. Lobbying involves the influence of government officials or legislatures towards an intended decision. Cohesiveness allows persons with the same ideology to work together. At the same time, groupthink is centered on making decisions that align with the group of people.
Interest groups influence elections integrity since they keep track of the election process to notice any deception or preferential treatment. They also impact electoral mobilization that affects legislator’s decisions and the public voting decision. Through the proposal of candidates in elections, they help determine critical leaders in the election year or oppose candidates in the election.
Outside game interest group elements include grassroots activism, rallies, and mobilization. Grassroots activism involves expressing views through the public on specific legislations. Rallies bring together groups of people to support a cause. Mobilization membership plays the role of gaining support to correspond to the purpose.
Public interest groups aim at airing views and working for the benefit of the general public through outside lobbyings, such as the American Economic Development Council. Since they are mostly underfunded, they are frequently in need of government involvement. Contrary, private interest groups promote individual interests of a few people within society, such as the National Association of Manufacturers.
It changed the dominance of the Republican Party by incorporating individuals from various sections in society, including minorities, blue-collar workers, and intellectuals. Such made voting highly localized and voting behavior influenced by ideology and geographical factors.
They nominate candidates through party conventions, influence policy formulation, create a political balance between minority and majority, drive governance, and monitor the political party in power. It provides voters with a platform to air their opinions on issues and its contentment, informing policy agreeability. As a group, the public has the voice and numbers to influence and pressure public officials when they are effortful.
Proportional representation is the allocation of legislative seats to match the votes cast, for instance, 40% of votes, for 100 member districts; party A will have 40 seats while 60 goes to the other party. For winner takes it all, the candidate with the most votes is declared the winner in small districts. From a voter’s point of view, proportional representation reflects fairness in representation since minority votes are considered.
Retrospective models are subject to incentivizing public officials, which makes them appeal to the public. Voters can also be biased due to held perceptions on a political party and use different information to weigh the government and opposition parties as driven by institutional aspects. Also, policy decisions require that there be cooperation with the opposition, which is not ideal for ensuring accountability.
The President is elected indirectly by citizens through an electoral college where they need at least 270 electoral votes to win. However, the Cabinet and independent agencies are made up of President's appointees, where independent agencies and commissions are approved/ disapproved by the senate. In the UK, the executive comprises prime minister elected through the legislature or a party leader in an election that outlines a clear majority and, while the prime minister appoints the ministers.
Different age brackets have varying attitudes toward voting and turn out. Therefore, it becomes optimal to appeal to the age bracket that is likely to vote. Franklin (2018) argues that youngsters 18-29 have a turnout of 47-60%, while those in their sixties have a turnout of 80%. Hence, the young population is majorly underrepresented.
Social movements are informal interactions networks of a group based on shared concepts or common goals. The sociologists have various perspectives, including the functionalist and critical perspective. The former focuses on issues affecting society's health and viability while the latter is concerned with inequality creation.
Political efficacy is the perception that individuals can have an impact on political decisions, and persons can be a part process as a civic duty. This gives power to social groups to bring about change. Such can be in the form of challenging the political and economic decisions that adversely affect people's way of life.
Nonviolent movements were groups that focused on bringing change through peaceful ways of protesting injustices, such as racial discrimination. They were successful because they demanded change without the use of force; the movements appealed to people's hearts and intellectual to see they were speaking on real issues. They also gained sympathy for advocating for a kind of "love your enemies" motto as they were brutally treated by law enforcement.
Certiorari is the judicial process that grants a court with higher authority the power to review a ruling by the lower courts. If the parties are not content by the state court ruling, they can appeal their case. In a petition, the matter is liable to review by the Supreme Court by asking for the Writ of Certiorari. However, the supreme courts are not obliged to review a case.
Original jurisdiction gives the courts the power to hear and judge a case first that has been brought for a review. Contrary, Appellate jurisdiction is an act that confers the court of appeal with the power to hear appeals from courts of original jurisdiction. The federal courts decide on the cases based on whether they are determined by the lower courts or by the appellate authority.
Gideon v. Wainwright challenged the court's interpretation of the sixth amendment to provide counsel to a defendant. It gave a new focus to the essentiality of fair trials for persons who cannot afford counsel. Also, it cemented the rights of the defendant and the adversaries of the criminal justice system.
The exclusionary rule is the 4 th amendment constitutional provision that deters law enforcement officers from utilizing evidence collected in violation of the defendants’ rights unless in matters of civil cases such as deportation. It has been applied in the court's rulings search as Mapp v. Ohio, where a seizure was conducted without a warrant. Hence in case of unreasonable seizure or collection of evidence, the move violates the 4 th amendment.
The courts ended capital punishment in 1972 because it was deemed unconstitutional, particularly in the violation of the eighth amendment. In Furman v. Georgia's case, the court ruled that its punishment was "cruel and unusual." The court relied on the “arbitrary and capricious ways" of execution concerning race, and thus the penalty required better guidelines.
A supportive environment is receptive to a social movement's ideas to air their grievances to the public and makes it easier to mobilize support to the course. Examples include the civil rights movement and climate change movements. Both ignited support as they spoke on issues close to people’s well-being and existence.
WWI involvement gave women the voice to air their grievances on the fact that they had died and sacrificed in the war, but they could not vote for it. Many feminists engaged in the global protest for the right to vote, which gained public support due to the mistreatment of protesters. With the growing outrage and a determined suffrage movement, women were granted the right to vote in 1919 by Congress, leading to the provision in the 19 th amendment.
Reference
Franklin, C. (2018). Age and voter turnout. https://medium.com/@PollsAndVotes/age-and-voter-turnout-52962b0884ef
