Introduction
Globalization can be conceptualized as the interconnectedness of politics, economies, military capacities, environmental policies, and cultures. These elements have become core aspects of the peoples’ day-to-day lives that it is impossible to imagine a world without them. Different groups of individuals do not share the same vision for globalization. On the one hand, some individuals oppose globalization in its current form, claiming that it is primarily capitalist. On the other hand, the second group does not oppose capitalist-based globalization per se. However, this group contends that globalization ought to be more democratic while ensuring that the benefits accrued are distributed more equally. Primarily, the protests and debates on globalization are often focused on how the phenomenon should be defined and directed. Ultimately, globalization has been responsible for the rapid economic, political, and social changes that are increasingly reconstituting and reshaping modern societies and the world order. 1 It is undeniable that globalization is different today than it was in 2000. This is mainly owed to the September 9/11 attacks.
Three Historical Milestones Responsible for Changing the Course of Globalization since 9/11
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Traditionally, globalization has been driven by such aspects as transportation and communications technology as well as market forces. Thus, the phenomenon was deemed unstoppable. However, the events of September 11 impacted the course of globalization by inspiring a redirection of the U.S economic policy and national security. 2 3 The two dimensions have thus played a pivotal role in determining not only the pace but also the direction of globalization. Globalization was also highly dependent on international institutions and rules coupled with the commitments of nations to keep their borders open. Thus, the third dimension that shaped the course of globalization post 9/11 was that it led to increased demand for more scrutiny and security in cross-border movements. 4 Given the crucial role played by cross border movement in advancing globalization, its impact cannot be overstated.
Bibliography
Buzan, Barry, and George Lawson. "Capitalism and the emergent world order." International Affairs 90, no. 1 (2014): 71-91.
Carmody, Pádraig. "Transforming globalization and security: Africa and America post-9/11." Africa today (2005): 97-120.
Rosière, Stéphane, and Reece Jones. "Teichopolitics: Re-considering globalisation through the role of walls and fences." Geopolitics 17, no. 1 (2012): 217-234.
Scott, Catherine V. "Imagining Terror in an Era of Globalization: us Foreign Policy and the Construction of Terrorism after 9/11." Perspectives on politics (2009): 579-590.
1 Buzan, Barry, and George Lawson. "Capitalism and the emergent world order." International Affairs 90, no. 1 (2014): 71-91.
2 Carmody, Pádraig. "Transforming globalization and security: Africa and America post-9/11." Africa today (2005): 97-120.
3 Scott, Catherine V. "Imagining Terror in an Era of Globalization: us Foreign Policy and the Construction of Terrorism after 9/11." Perspectives on politics (2009): 579-590.
4 Rosière, Stéphane, and Reece Jones. "Teichopolitics: Re-considering globalisation through the role of walls and fences." Geopolitics 17, no. 1 (2012): 217-234.
