Studies on virulence factors maintain that due to the presence of parasites that act as hosts, this increases the rate of transmission and duplication of the microorganisms. More studies demonstrate that there are now many opportunistic pathogens that spread diseases due to the advantages of parasitic contexts. Additionally, due to an increase in virulence factors, opportunistic pathogens are able to live outside focal settings due to key environmental correlations (Bick & Graham, 2013). To prevent disease infections which are caused by pathogenicity and virulence of microorganisms, people should try innovative solutions that include practicing hygiene and using nets to keep away hosts.
The terms pathogenicity, opportunistic infections, and virulence are used to explain how microorganisms spread diseases to humans. Pathogenicity refers to the ability of an organism to cause a disease based on the genetic component of the pathogen which causes host-pathogen interactions leading to infection (Bick & Graham, 2013). An example of the application of the term pathogenicity is the study of bacteria, which seem to cause infections because they appear in groups, which are called pathogenicity islands. An example of pathogens that occur in the form of pathogenicity islands is Escherichia coli bacteria, which were found to exist in groups in order to promote their survival and cause the fast spread of infection after people ate raw spinach in the United States in 2006 (Bick & Graham, 2013). Opportunistic infection differs in meaning in that pathogens cannot harm the host but stay first in reservoirs which is their home as they wait to be picked up by a host and cause infection. Using Escherichia coli as an example, the bacteria is said to spread faster in women than in men due to female reproductive systems that provide better reservoirs for the bacteria, thus increasing the chances for an opportunistic infection. For example, it was also reported that women experienced severe infections from these bacteria because their urinary tract provides the pathogen with a site for opportunistic infection, which they would use as a path to get into the digestive tract and cause real infection (Bick & Graham, 2013). To The third term is virulence factors, which refers to the degree of pathology caused by an organism, which is also the ability of a pathogen to multiply inside a host with the assistance of other factors (Cashin, 2010). Still using Escherichia coli as an example, they were observed to have putative virulence factor, by having a locus of enterocyte effacement. This feature allowed them to attach on walls of human intestines and secrete toxins that caused bloody diarrhea to humans who had eaten raw spinach that was infected with the bacteria.
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The study on pathogenicity, virulence, and opportunistic infections that are associated with pathogens has the development of evolutionary standards of a global understanding of programs and policies on disease surveillance, gene-environment interactions, and public health. The evolution and genetic drift among pathogens have shaped how healthcare providers practice public health. Experts study how pathogens coexist with myriad other species, including plants and animal sources of food, to understand why some populations are susceptible to diseases compared to others (Chism, 2015). For example, molecular mechanisms of some pathogens have revealed that they pose differential resistances to medicines, and this has led to healthcare providers promoting modern methods of preventing diseases. Some virus, such as flu, is known to develop strain to vaccines and this has led to increased vaccination against these viruses.
From a prevention perspective, some of the innovative solutions that have been proposed for prevention of infection in personal life and public are sanitizing environments that harbor disease-causing pathogens and allowing people to report cases of a disease outbreak. For example, the reporting standards that are used in the current medicine field rely on actionable infection control information that the public access to promote antimicrobial stewardship. Second, environmental prevention strategies involve reducing disease burden that is linked to maternal infections and child health. This strategy focuses on developing vaccines that help to fight common diseases that affect families around the world.
References
Bick, D., & Graham, I. D. (2013). Evaluating the impact of implementing evidence-
based practice . New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
Cashin, A. (2010). Evidence-based practice in nursing informatics: Concepts and applications:
Concepts and applications . New York, NY: IGI Global.
Chism, L. A. (2015). The doctor of nursing practice . Burlington: Jones & Bartlett Publishers.
