What are the three ways in which urinary tract infections may be acquired ?
Most UTIs are caused by bacteria thriving in the bowel especially e-coli
Three ways these bacteria spread to the urethra include:
Catheter use
During sexual intercourse
In people with pregnancy or diabetic or dehydration
What are the primary and secondary antibody responses to an immunogenic response?
The responses of immune to antigen are classified as primary and secondary and secondary. Primary antibody response occurs on the first instance of encounter while secondary response occurs in subsequent occurrences from second, 3 rd , 4 th and so forth an individual is exposed to antibody. In secondary exposure, the immunological memory is already established and immune system is able to make antibodies instantly. However, in primary response, it takes immune system up to 14 days to recognize antigen and produce memory lymphocytes in response to the antigen ( Murray, Rosenthal, & Pfaller, 2015) .
What is the importance of acute and convalescent serum specimens for the serologic diagnosis of infection?
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Acute phase is when the diseases is first suspected or discovered while convalescent phase is usually two weeks later. It is important to draw the specimens or serum at these phases (acute and convalescence sera) ( Javed et al, 2010) . It helps to assess changes in antibody titers during infection period which is central to the diagnosis and monitoring progression of the disease.
What is bacteriuria? When is it significant?
It refers to the bacteria found in voided urine
Any significant number should be more than 100,000
How do microorganisms enter the urinary tract?
Microorganisms from other infection sites circulating in the blood stream can be deposited and reproduce in the kidneys.
Bacteria living in external urogenital and third terminal of urethra area can move through urethra to the bladder
Microorganisms especially from the urethra can move into the bladders through catheters
Why is aseptic urine collection important when cultures are ordered?
It helps in avoiding contaminated urine specimens from getting an accurate reading on the bacteria present in the urinary tract ( Javed et al, 2010) .
List five bacteria that can cause urinary tract infection.
1.E. coli
2. Enterbacter
3.Proteus
4. Serratia
5.Klebsiella
Murray, Rosenthal, & Pfaller, 2015).
If you counted 20 colonies from a 0.01-ml inoculum of a 1:10 dilution of urine, how many organisms per milliliter of specimen would you report? Is this number significant?
20,000; this number of bacteruria is not significant.
References
Javed, S., Chaudhry, R., Passi, K., Sharma, S., Padmaja, K., Dhawan, B., & Dey, A. B. (2010). Sero diagnosis of Legionella infection in community acquired pneumonia.
Murray, P. R., Rosenthal, K. S., & Pfaller, M. A. (2015). Medical microbiology . Elsevier Health Sciences.
