Questions
1. What is the structure of the United Nations, including all of its principal organs? How do these organs work together? Discuss how these organs represent the countries of the world and which organs have real power and how do they use it?
The United Nations is an intergovernmental system established to create and maintain good relations within the countries included. It is made up of five standard organs which are the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council, the Security Council, the UN Secretariat and the International Court of Justice. Apart from the international court of Justice which is situated at The Hague, the headquarters of the rest four organs are is in main UN headquarters in New York City. The organs of the UN work together to keep peace and security and enforce peacekeeping agreements in regions faced by hostilities.
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The UN also works to promote human rights and freedom all without considerations of race, language, sex or religion. It strives to promote international co-operation in solving problems of economic, cultural, social and humanitarian nature. The general assembly refers to the representative organ for making policies governing the UN while the Security Council works to maintain international peace and security. The Economic and social council coordinates review policies on economic, social and environmental issues and the implementation of the development goals. The ICC settles legal disputes presented by the states. The secretariat holds the chief administrative officer of the organization.
2. How effective is the United Nations and its components and subordinate agencies in responding to conflict and violence throughout the world? Use a specific example (i.e., country or conflict) and provide a detailed analysis to support your answer.
The United Nations is beneficial in matters to do with conflicts and violence. It seeks to determine the existence of conflicting parties. It calls upon the parties to settle their differences in a peaceful means and recommend methods of adjustments to the differences. It can also take enforcement measures to maintain international peace and security. The measures may include involving military actions or economic sanctions — for example, the conflicts and wars in Somalia. The United Nations sends military troupes from other countries to maintain peace in the country. It also takes action on election-related violence all over the world.
3. Outline the role of IGOs and NGOs in protecting human rights. Describe the specific roles these organizations can and do play. You may analyze this in general or use a specific example to show how this works (or fails to work).
The Inter-Governmental Organizations and the non-Governmental organization works to promote and protect human rights by drafting of treaties and other relevant legal instruments that are applied internationally. The organizations take part in advocacy as well as producing reliable researches and reports concerning human right issues such as abuses of human rights.
The NGO work against or with the government to develop agendas for action. They seek and establish a standard for state behavior at an international level as well as reporting cases of human right abuses and helping the victims of human rights abuses. The NGO also is dedicated to holding programs and training that promote human rights around the world. They also provide humanitarian services to areas of disasters and food shortages.
4. What are transnational issues/challenges? Choose a single transnational issue and describe how Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs), Government Organizations (GOs) and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) work together to solve the problem.
Transnational issues are challenges which a country faces due to the emergence of disrespect of the national boundaries and often arise due to non-state actors such as criminal organizations and terrorists. Terrorism is one of the transnational issues that the United States often face from time to time. The intergovernmental organizations, the governmental organizations, and the non-governmental organizations through the Security Council are working together to combat this issue not only in the US but also for the rest of the world.
They the organizations provide counter-terrorism actions and conduct operational activities to resolve the terrorist attacks. The UN office of Counterterrorism uses the IGO, GO and the NGOs to strengthen the capacity building assistance to member states, improve visibility, advocacy and resource mobilizations for counterterrorism efforts and ensure that due priority is given to counterterrorism.
5. Describe the concepts of "zero-sum game" and "positive-sum game" concerning economic globalization. Use a specific example to outline each idea and discuss how realists and liberalists approach economic globalization.
The zero-sum game mentions that in a situation where a commodity s distributed, the fight is all about how it should be distributed. It is not possible for one to win and the other not to lose. If one wins, the other one has to lose. An example of this is during a case of divorce, and couples can both keep as much money to themselves instead of on spending on lawyers.
In the positive sum game, additions are made to the overall commodity, which means there are no spoils for everyone to share. This is a win-win situation so everyone benefits. An example is an international trade in which there is mutual gain.
Considering the case of immigration and a country's economy, the concept is realistic because the relationship ends in a positive-sum because immigration increases the number of jobs in the economy so when the country lets immigrants into the country and allow them to work, it will boost the economy of the country.
6. We read Samuel Huntington's "Clash of Civilizations" at the beginning of the semester. After learning about various conflicts in the world, how relevant in Huntington's 1996 article today? Use examples of recent conflicts (2015-2018) or peaceful cooperation that support or undermine Huntington's conclusions.
Huntington came into a conclusion that there will be a time when the conflicts and disagreements will not be between countries but will be between cultures of the world. One of the reasons he supported his argument is that the world is becoming small as a result of increased interactions across the globe which has intensified consciousness in civilization and the awareness of the difference between civilizations and commonalities within the civilizations.
The present conflicts that exist in the United States between the republicans and the democrats are evidence of Huntington's conclusions. It appears that once one is identified with any of these groups, they should act and fight like one. Civilization has brought a lot of insights which clearly defines the difference between the two cultures. The conflict heightened during the United States elections where these cultures were the basis of every step that the government took.
