The global ocean covers more than seventy percent of the earth’s surface. It is a continuous body of salty water, and it plays an essential role in governing weather and human survival (Hardin, 1968).
Winds play a role in establishing the patterns of gyres. They drag the ocean surface, making water to follow the direction the wind is moving. The currents are a result of the earth’s rotation deflection due to wind change.
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El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the variation in wind and sea surface temperatures in an irregular manner, thus affecting the climate in tropics and subtropics. LA Nina happens when the temperatures in the Pacific Ocean drop than normal levels resulting in the cooling of water close to the equator.
Four main ocean life zones are abyssal, benthic, intertidal, and pelagic. The zones have diverse species. Sunlight penetration and nutrients levels determine the zones (Hardin, 1968).
Fishing is done in large water bodies, and it is hindered by the vastness of the body mass. Aquaculture is controlled fishing, where fish are reared in a confined region, thus hindering the number of fish taken at a time.
Human activities that pollute marine regions are shipping, industrialization, and dumping of waste. It destroys marine life by killing water animals.
Global climate change can alter the ocean conveyor belt by causing the melting of ice, which adds freshwater to the ocean circulation, reducing water salinity, preventing cold water from sinking, alternatively altering ocean currents (Hardin, 1968).
International initiatives that address problems in the global ocean include the implementation of the worldwide agenda related to coastal and marine issues. Environment agreements are being made and the creation of awareness against global warming.
The ocean problems in the future will be corrected through enactment of laws by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to prohibit ocean dumping, reduction of ship pollution, protection of beaches, and reducing marine debris.
Reference
Hardin, G. (1968). The tragedy of the commons. Science , 162 (3859), 1243-1248.
