Question 1
Presently, city planners seem to confront a tough decision regarding protecting the green city, advocating social justice and promoting an economic city. However, in his classic paper, "Green Cities, Growing Cities, Just Cities," Scott Campbell describes the three main goals city planners must consider supporting a sustainable city (Campbell, 1996). At best, city planners must strive to achieve at least three main goals. The first goal is to grow the economy, secondly to ensure that this growth is fairly distributed and finally not to degrade the ecosystem. Though these three goals seem to clash, in an ideal world, city planners are required to strive to attain a balance of all the three goals. Conflicting interests regarding the three goals arise simply from personal preferences (Dierwechter, 2008). Although sustainable development offers a holistic approach to solving these conflicts, it is not so easy to shake them off. Urban areas, both nationally and internationally are swelling, triggering environmental and social sustainability issues. However, unlike rural areas, urban areas are on the frontline of the climate change battle although they generate the biggest percentage of greenhouse gas emissions (Campbell, 1996). Urban development affects rural communities in various ways. When people move to urban areas and secure employment, they send money to the rural areas, which improves the rural economic conditions.
Campbell, S. (1996). Green Cities, Growing Cities, Just Cities? Urban Planning and the Contradictions of Sustainable Development. Journal of the American Planning Association, 62(3): 296-311
Delegate your assignment to our experts and they will do the rest.
Dierwechter, Y. (2008). Urban growth management and its discontents: Promises, practices, and geopolitics in U.S. city-regions . New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
Question 2
Collective violence is defined as a form of violent behavior perpetrated by a large number of people who are responding to common stimuli. Riot is one common type of collective violence (Brass, 2006). Often, there are tensions in any social environment. These tensions could result from religious, ethnic, or racial discrimination, which is operant in the society. They make people to be frustrated, and in extreme cases, they resort to riots. Factors contributing to this type of violence include religious, ethnic, and racial prejudice and discrimination (Brass, 2006). When people notice that there is unequal access to social goals like health, education, wealth, success and many more, riots are likely to occur. The social consequences of war and terrorism are widespread and can be long term and short term. Besides, fighting directly leads to lack of access to healthcare services. Importantly, it disrupts the education system by damaging facilities and affects a range of basic services. At the micro level, poverty is the biggest impact of our current involvement in the war (Brass, 2006). When individuals are poor, they are likely to participate in war by supporting the armed group. This increases the risk of poverty because people concentrate more on war and destruction rather than on productive and wealth generating activities.
References
Brass, P. R. (2006). Forms of collective violence: Riots, pogroms, and genocide in modern India . Gurgaon Haryana: Three Essays Collective.
