1. There are different types of volcanoes depending on the mechanisms in which magma results in the formation of volcanoes. The first type of a volcano is stratovolcano which indicates that volcano is formed of many layers of magma. For example, stratovolcano comprises many layers of strata, hardened lava and tephra. They generally have steep slopes, and they form most of the volcanoes across the world. The oceanic plates one above the other meaning that there are many layers of the strata. They develop from explosive and effusive magma. The magma rises in the form of water and consists of several volatile hydrated minerals and porous basalt. The released hydrated magma is released above the mantle rock upper the oceanic crust into the asthenosphere, and the release of water pushes magma into the atmosphere. The hydrated magma spreads further forming layers in the atmosphere. The third type of volcano is the cinder cone volcano formed in the form of a steep conical hill. The magma accumulates around and winds from a volcanic vent in the area. Cinder volcanoes commonly appear around the flanks of shield volcanoes (Allstadt et al., 2018). The conic form of the volcano occurs as a result of the thick magma that arises from the earth crust preventing the magma from spreading farther. As a result, the magma forms from different activities that prevent the spreading of magma to a far region. The third form of a volcano is the shield volcano which comprises of entirely fluid lava. Their gentle is very slope, and they are arranged horizontally. The lava for these forms of volcanoes consists of very high temperatures and has low volatiles. Lava rises from many different tubes into the earth’s surface the spreading of magma into longer distances.
2. Specific types of volcanoes are likely to be found in particular areas depending on the nature of the tectonic plates and the degree of hotness on the earth. Eruptions on the planet are formed in regions where tectonic or divergent plates converge or diverge with each other. It requires areas where lava has chances for migrating from the asthenosphere to the earth’s surface. Hotspots also determine the type of volcano in which the volcano is formed. For example, stratovolcano forms in regions where the tectonic plates are sliding leading to the formation of magma in the way of layers. For example, these types of volcanoes are common in Europe and North America which is believed to possess tectonic plates with many layers (Di Traglia et al., 2017). The essential type of volcano is mount Tambora which occurred many different years in history. Other forms of a volcano such as a shield Volcano are formed in areas where there is the existence of many lava tunnels and high temperatures accompanied by low volatile. An example of such volcano such as Hawaii found in Portugal.
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3. There are more than 280,000 deaths associated with volcanoes across the world resulting from different volcanic processes. In every year there erupt more than 60 eruptions, but they are rarely harmful to the lives of human beings. Since the year 2000, more than 2,000 people have been killed by volcanoes giving a considerable number of people in the affected regions. Most of the dead people by volcanoes are affected by pyroclastic and volcanic mudflows which result in an increased level of death (Richter et al., 2018). These volcanic processes are associated with the deaths of more than 120,000 people over the last 500 years indicating that such methods are likely to cause deaths in the future. They are likely to be associated with conical shaped volcanoes, unlike the sloping shield volcanoes which are less likely to spread to large areas. Pyroclastic processes are likely to cause significant and massive effects associated with the death of people and damage of property. The idea behind expected deaths is the ability of the volcanoes to flow very fast resulting in increased ash and gas that have adverse effects on the life of people.
Such deaths are likely to occur in the next 100 years especially after considering the high rate of birth rates. High birthrates have resulted in high population growth with people clearing areas for settlement. Deaths associated with volcanoes occur in death as a result of lava and gas that when inhaled results at the end of people. However, more than 800 million people in the modern world live in 100 Km in areas that are prone to volcanic activities. The most affected region is Indonesia with more 200 million people living in such areas thus contributing to increased vulnerability for people to experience deaths resulting in the deaths of many people in the affected regions. As the population continues to grow, it is expected that many people will set up homes in areas close to the world’s many 1,500 active volcanoes in the region spread across many 81 countries in the region (Di Traglia et al., 2017). Active volcanoes do not necessarily indicate that such volcanoes are likely to erupt in the future. However, the uncertainty associated with these eruptions is expected to cause deaths in the future due to increased population growth.
4. It is essential to understand the difference between the immediate mass movement and the underlying mass movements because it creates an opportunity for understanding the possible effects and precautious mechanisms that people should apply in an attempt of avoiding the adverse impact of a mass movement. For example, underlying mass movement occurs in a situation where rocks rock materials consist of underlying weak materials thus causing the flow of materials. In some cases, the contents may move at a speed of the rate of 300 km/hr thus increasing the ability of such people to develop a movement to reach the downslopes. Examples of such changes are the creep and have likely to cause deaths among people. However, fast mass movement originates from the fact that materials such as rocks move at a very high speed thus causing damages of property and deaths. For instance, avalanches are perceived to move at a top rate of 60 mph thus leading to the need for developing mechanisms to avoid these adverse effects associated with such mass movements. Both causes of mass movement are harmful to the health of people, but they have different preventive mechanisms.
5. Volcanic activities cause eruptions, and in situations where they occur in many times, it is evident that there is always the development of materials such as mudflows forming the highest range of materials required in the formation of volcanoes. The snow cover of the volcano melts whenever exposed to heat thus mixing with soil to create mud while the magma in the volcano stirs leading to the formation of eruption thus leading to the creation of mass movement (Allstadt et al., 2018). Landslides are the most recognized forms of volcanic cones because they lead to the formation of mass movement because they are tall, steep, and weakened by the eruption of molten rock. In situations where magma releases gasses that partially dissolve in groundwater; there is always the establishment of a hot hydrothermal system that weakens the foundation thus causing weathering to form rock debris. The materials cause the flow of materials from top to bottom resulting in increasing the rate of movement of increasing the speed of movement of such materials.
References
Allstadt, K. E., Matoza, R. S., Lockhart, A., Moran, S. C., Caplan-Auerbach, J., Haney, M., ... & Malone, S. D. (2018). Seismic and acoustic signatures of surficial mass movements at volcanoes. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research.
Di Traglia, F., Nolesini, T., & Casagli, N. (2017, May). Monitoring Eruption-Induced Mass-Wasting at Active Volcanoes: The Stromboli Case. In Workshop on World Landslide Forum (pp. 669-676). Springer, Cham.
Richter, N., Poland, M. P., & Peltier, A. (2018, December). Structural readjustment due to large-scale mass redistribution at active basaltic shield volcanoes based on multi-temporal SAR satellite data. In AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts.
