DNA vaccines are used to stimulate cellular and humoral immune responses. They protect the immune system using an infectious component that is modified so that no diseases are caused. The immune system is neutralized before it causes any illness. DNA vaccines are composed of bacterial plasmids (Gothelf & Gehl, 2012). The plasmids contain two units, including the antigen expression unit, which has enhancer sequences. The other unite is the production unit containing bacterial sequence required for plasmid selection and amplification. DNA vaccines are different from traditional vaccines.
Traditional vaccination is done to prevent harmful pathogenic microorganisms. This vaccination relies on two types of microbiological preparations to enhance the generation of protective immune response and immunization content. These two factors include living infectious material which inhibits the vaccine from causing diseases and manufacture infectious material, which is a subunit preparation that stimulates protective immune responses. On the other hand, DNA vaccines can boost cell-mediated immunity (Gothelf & Gehl, 2012). Traditional vaccines stimulate humoral immunity against viral pathogens and bacterial pathogens.
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Cancer DNA vaccines are currently being investigated to identify their preclinical and clinical developments. The immuno-oncology developments have opened an avenue for the creation of vaccine strategies. DNA cancer vaccines are a product of such an event. At the moment, it is very promising as it can activate the immune system against cancer. These vaccines also demonstrate a good safety profile that can enable specific immune responses (Hu et al., 2015). Besides, the therapeutic effects of the vaccines can embrace an immunosuppressive mechanism to enhance treatment efficacy. Cancer DNA vaccination is to be used to achieve various clinical outcomes. First, its immunotherapy content can treat cancer by directing monoclonal antibodies against different antigens. Currently, there are immunotherapeutic treatments that are commercially available. They include anti-PD1 and Anti-CTLA4, among others. Therefore, DNA vaccines should be used because they can stimulate cell-mediated immunity.
References
Gothelf, A., & Gehl, J. (2012). What you always needed to know about electroporation based DNA vaccines. Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics , 8 (11), 1694-1702.
Hu, Q., Wu, M., Fang, C., Cheng, C., Zhao, M., Fang, W., ... & Tang, G. (2015). Engineering nanoparticle-coated bacteria as oral DNA vaccines for cancer immunotherapy. Nano letters , 15 (4), 2732-2739.
