Does a Down syndrome parent bear a Down syndrome baby?
Even though the likelihood of a child having Down’s syndrome is greater for older mothers, additional babies with Down’s syndrome are born to young ladies. Down’s syndrome is attributed to the existence of an extra chromosome within the cells of a baby ( Asim et al 2020) . In most cases, Down’s syndrome is not a congenital disorder. Down’s syndrome typically occurs due to a likelihood occurring at the period of birth.
Do people of all ethnic groups and of all economic levels have Down syndrome?
In most cases, Down syndrome has been re-counted in individuals of every race; no racial predilection is acknowledged. According to Kruszka et al (2017), African American patients with Down syndrome have significantly limited life spans compared to white patients with trisomy 21. A kid with Down syndrome may be born to any individual, irrespective of age, race, socio-economic rank, or dwelling area. Down syndrome occurs in almost 1 out of every 691 deliveries in the United States.
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Can individuals with Down syndrome live independently?
A rising number of grown-ups with Down syndrome in the United States are living self-sufficiently with limited aid from members of the family or the government. A slight proportion are capable of living completely self-reliantly (Coppedè, 2016). In the United States, several learners with Down syndrome progress from high school, and a majority of the students may progress on to join post-secondary schooling. Individuals with Down syndrome are considered as excellent personnel.
Are strategies applied in addressing the challenging behavior in young children with Down syndrome effective?
Kids with Down syndrome face an increased risk of engaging in thought-provoking behavior that might present challenges in the society, relaxation, and educational surroundings. In most cases, it impedes them from accessing the surroundings (Hartley et al., 2015). Factors facilitating the existence of perplexing behaviors comprise of features linked to the Down syndrome behavioral phenotype, and ways in which persons in their surroundings react to their surroundings.
How effective is memory training for children with Down syndrome?
One ingrained fact regarding cognitive and language growth in persons with Down syndrome is that functioning memory is primarily poor, with hearing working memory poorer compared to visual functioning memory. Functioning memory serves the purposes of control, regulation, and dynamic maintenance of data and is vital in daily intricate mental undertakings (Danielsson et al., 2015). Therefore, there is an urgent need to discover efficient and practical interventions aimed at refining functioning memory in persons with Down syndrome.
What do we know about the movement abilities of children with Down syndrome?
Numerous young kids with Down syndrome delay in reaching the early motor indicator. For instance clutching, revolving, sitting, and walking. There exists a wide changeability in development, with a majority attaining the milestones as early as characteristically developing babies and some being predominantly sluggish in attaining them (Cardoso et al., 2016). Most parents are directed that rehabilitation will assist. However, people should essentially recognize the causes of the slower development that will offer plans for efficient rehabilitation.
Number and arithmetic skills in children with Down syndrome
It is apparent that arithmetic and number abilities are parts of precise struggle for persons with Down syndrome. Research of arithmetic development in characteristically growing children suggests that the pre-verbal “number sense” framework and counting abilities offers two vital basics for arithmetic development (Lanfranchi et al., 2015). Research regarding kids with Down syndrome suggests that the growth of both foundational abilities presents challenges for them. Nonetheless, the conclusions are founded on comparatively little samples of progenies.
How effective is prenatal screening and testing of Down syndrome?
Prenatal screening for Down syndrome bears a significant impact on numerous pregnancies each year globally. A majority of screen-positive outcomes is incorrect, however boosts invasive diagnostic processes that pose extra dangers to unborn kids. As a direct consequence, most children that may not have Down syndrome are gone (Chitty et al.,2016). It is estimated that existing screening practice lessens yearly live births of children with Down syndrome by approximately 660. This results in the loss of 400 babies devoid of Down syndrome.
Are the Issues of sexuality in Down syndrome severe?
As human beings, persons with Down syndrome possess the privilege to fervently sustaining and culturally proper sexual expression. As patients, they possess the right to repetitive reproductive health care offered to the general populace. Cognitive and language infirmities can predispose this populace to unsolicited pregnancy, sexually transmitted ailment, and sexual abuse (Whooten Schmitt & Schwartz, 2018). Sex education custom-made to intellectual level, education style, and living preparations is vital children’s education and young grown-ups with Down syndrome.
How effective are developmental patterns and intervention strategies?
Children with Down syndrome are slower in acquiring the phonological structure of their mother tongue. Despite the standard or almost regular paralinguistic growth, these kids are behind in the utilization of expressive speech and sluggish to obtain a dynamic language (Grieco et al.,2015). In several instances, their communication remains incomprehensible during the course of infancy and youth, making it challenging to communicate with people around them.
References
Asim, A., Kumar, A., Muthuswamy, S., Jain, S., & Agarwal, S. (2015). Down syndrome: an insight of the disease. Journal of biomedical science , 22 (1), 41.
Cardoso, A. C. D. N., de Campos, A. C., Dos Santos, M. M., Santos, D. C. C., & Rocha, N. A. C. F. (2015). Motor performance of children with Down syndrome and typical development at 2 to 4 and 26 months. Pediatric physical therapy , 27 (2), 135-141.
Chitty, L. S., Wright, D., Hill, M., Verhoef, T. I., Daley, R., Lewis, C., ... & Morris, S. (2016). Uptake, outcomes, and costs of implementing non-invasive prenatal testing for Down’s syndrome into NHS maternity care: prospective cohort study in eight diverse maternity units. bmj , 354 .
Coppedè, F. (2016). Risk factors for Down syndrome. Archives of toxicology , 90 (12), 2917-2929.
Danielsson, H., Zottarel, V., Palmqvist, L., & Lanfranchi, S. (2015). The effectiveness of working memory training with individuals with intellectual disabilities–a meta-analytic review. Frontiers in Psychology , 6 , 1230.
Grieco, J., Pulsifer, M., Seligsohn, K., Skotko, B., & Schwartz, A. (2015, June). Down syndrome: Cognitive and behavioral functioning across the lifespan. In American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C: Seminars in Medical Genetics (Vol. 169, No. 2, pp. 135-149).
Hartley, D., Blumenthal, T., Carrillo, M., DiPaolo, G., Esralew, L., Gardiner, K., ... & Wisniewski, T. (2015). Down syndrome and Alzheimer's disease: Common pathways, common goals. Alzheimer's & Dementia , 11 (6), 700-709.
Kruszka, P., Porras, A. R., Sobering, A. K., Ikolo, F. A., La Qua, S., Shotelersuk, V., ... & Muenke, M. (2017). Down syndrome in diverse populations. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A , 173 (1), 42-53.
Lanfranchi, S., Aventaggiato, F., Jerman, O., & Vianello, R. (2015). Numerical skills in children with Down syndrome. Can they be improved?. Research in developmental disabilities , 45 , 129-135.
Whooten, R., Schmitt, J., & Schwartz, A. (2018). Endocrine manifestations of Down syndrome. Current opinion in endocrinology, diabetes, and obesity , 25 (1), 61.
