In psychology, there are three types of claims that capture the argument that a scientist may want to verify or put across. These are namely frequency claim, association claim, and causal claim. Frequency claim involves one variable while the association claim incorporates two variables that are related. The causal claim , on the other hand, involves two variables where one leads to the occurrence of the other.
There exist four big validities namely construct validity, external validity, statistical validity and internal validity. Construct validity entails how well the established variables can be manipulated or measured. This validity further determines the extent to which operational variables that are incorporated in a study can suffice as good approximation of the perceived conceptual variables. External validity, on the other hand, focuses on the extent to which the study findings generalize to a large populace. This further applies to other scenarios. For instance, whether the results from a specific sample apply to a national school going children populace. Statistical validity focuses on the strength of an implication and its significance statistically . Likewise, the validity looks at the extent to which a study reduces the presence of probabilities of two errors . This looks at the arrival of the conclusion establishing whether there might be a possible implication when in a real sense there is none. Lastly, i nternal validit y looks at the existence of a relationship between two distinct variables, A and B. It further looks at the extent to which variable A , rather than another different variable say, C is responsible for the effect exerted on variable B.
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Each claim is related to different validities. Frequency claims are linked to external validity and construct validity due to the existence of one variable. Causal claims can effectively interrogate statistical validity, external validity and construct validity. For causal claims , there are three tenets that can be examined . The se are ; covariance, internal validity, and temporal precedence . Covariance entails how changes b etween two variables are directly related . For instance, if variable A increases, variable B increases too. Internal validity, on the other hand, when establishing causation between two variables, A and B, tries to eliminate alternative explanation for causation. In this case, it is the only variable that is expected to change. Additionally, temporal precedence looks at how one variable comes before the other. However, despite this, no study fulfills all the four validities at the same time. It all depends on a researcher’s priorities. One good example is in the case of internal validity where it suffices as a key option when it comes to arriving at causal claims but not for making association or frequency claims.
Conceptual variables entail the notions of what ought to be measured or assessed while the operational definition of a variable entails the distinct way in which such a variable is measured in th e study. Therefore, conceptual variables of affection, intelligence, and stress can be operationalized by a researcher through the use of a research hypothesis.
Psychology research can be defined through the analysis of the behaviors and experiences of groups or individuals. Much of this research may be centered on clinical, occupational and educational needs. The study may also incorporate knowledge drawn from other fields. Psychology research is thus a fundamental element of psychology as a field of study.
Citing and referencing material supports the Christian Worldview by corroborating reliable external information. Secondly, i t gives validity to arguments put forward in an article. Thirdly, it provides a platform for the critiquing of arguments advanced by other parties. Further, it acknowledges the ideas presented by other scholars and avails room for academic integrity through avoidance of plagiarism.
