APA Styles and References

Fixing APA Citations 

Several studies have been conducted in correctional settings that suggest that the mentally ill have had frequent encounters with the police (Guy, Platt, Zwerling, & Bullock, 1985; Lamb & Grant, 1982; Lamb & Weinberger, 1998; Teplin, Abram & McClelland, 1996). Lamb and Grant (1982) evaluated 102 male inmates of a county jail that were randomly selected from inmates needing psychiatric treatment. It was found that 92% of those needing psychiatric treatment had previous arrest records. Additionally, further studies have indicated that the mentally ill constitute a notable percentage of the prison population. Teplin et al. (1996) found that of the women entering the Chicago’s Cook County jail, 15% had severe psychiatric disorders within the previous six months. Similarly, interviews with 96 randomly selected admissions to Philadelphia City jail found that 14.6% had schizophrenia and manic-depressive illness (Guy et al., 1985, p.12). “Generally, clinical studies suggest that 10 to 15% of persons in state prisons have severe mental disorders” (Lamb & Weinberger, 1998, p.490). 

References 

Guy, E., Platt, J. J., Zwerling, I., & Bullock, S. (1985). Mental health status of prisoners in an urban jail.  Criminal Justice & Behavior, 12(1) , 29-53. 

Lamb, H. R., & Grant, R. W. (1982). The mentally ill in an urban county jail.  Archives of General Psychiatry, 39(1) , 17-22. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1982.04290010003001 

Lamb, H. R., & Weinberger, L. E. (1998). Persons with severe mental illness in jails and prisons: A review.  Psychiatric Services, 49(4) , 483-492. doi:10.1176/ps.49.4.483 

Teplin, L. A., Abram, K. M., & McClelland, G. M. (1996). Prevalence of psychiatric disorders among incarcerated women: Pretrial jail detainees.  Archives of General Psychiatry, 53(6) , 505-512. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1996.01830060047007 

Constructing APA Style References 

Bull, M. (2015). Community Policing and the Limits of the Bureaucratic State.  Asian Journal of Criminology,    10 (2), 163-177. doi:10.1007/s11417-014-9196-4 

Gayadeen, S. M., & Phillips, S. W. (2014). The Innovation of Community Policing and the COPS Office: Does Diffusion of Innovation Theory Hold in a Manipulated Environment?  International Journal of Police Science & Management,    16 (3), 228-242. doi:10.1350/ijps.2014.16.3.342 

Gill, C., Weisburd, D., Telep, C. W., Vitter, Z., & Bennett, T. (2014). Community-oriented policing to reduce crime, disorder and fear and increase satisfaction and legitimacy among citizens: a systematic review.  Journal of Experimental Criminology,    10 (4), 399- 428. doi:10.1007/s11292-014-9210-y 

Kappeler, V. E., & Gaines, L. K. (2011).  Community policing: A contemporary perspective.  (6th ed.). Cincinnati, OH: Anderson Publishing Co. 

Lawson, C. (2015). On the fringe of research: The case of community policing. In K. Trimmer, A. L. Black, & S. Riddle (Eds.), Mainstreams, Margins and the Spaces in-between: New Possibilities for Education Research (pp. 209-222). New York: Routlegde/Taylor & Francis Group.