Wolke, D., & Lereya, S. T. (2015). Long-term effects of bullying. Archives of disease in childhood , archdischild -2014.
The article by Wolke and Lereya gives an insight into the long-term effects of bullying. According to the article, one in every three children undergoes some form of bullying. Another 10-14% of children undergo chronic bullying which can last for more than five months. The article indicates that children who undergo bullying are likely to suffer from, poor academic performance, somatic problems , and anxiety and depression disorders. Adolescents who have been bullied have suffered from hallucinations and other personality symptoms. The most adverse effect of bullying is suicidal attempts. Wolke and Lereya summarize the auricle by stating that a lot of children who suffer from bullying suffer in silence with more than 50% indicating they would not report the incidents which are the reason it is not at the forefront of major public health concerns.
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Tsitsika, A. K., Barlou, E., Andrie, E., Dimitropoulou, C., Tzavela, E. C., Janikian, M., & Tsolia, M. (2014). Bullying behaviors in children and adolescents:"an ongoing story." Frontiers in public health , 2 , 7 .
Tsika, Barlou , Andrie , Dimitropoulou, Tzavela, Janikian and Tsolia trace in their article the growth and development of bullying incidents over the years and in different countries. The authors indicate that bullying has been traced by various scholars for more than 30 years mostly in North America, European nations and Australia. Bullying can take multiple forms such as teasing, humiliation among others. However, the advancement in technology has brought about a new form of bullying, cyberbullying . The authors state that bullying despite being consistent in most countries; it varies across by age group which is why it declines with age. The authors conclude by indicating that, the future efforts towards reducing bullying incidents should also focus on fostering resilience and not just its reduction.
Wang, J., Iannotti, R. J., & Luk, J. W. (2012). Patterns of adolescent bullying behaviors: Physical, verbal, exclusion, rumor, and cyber. Journal of school psychology , 50 (4), 521-534.
Wang, Iannotti, and Luk indicate that bullying can take four types of forms in school; physical, verbal, spreading rumors and social exclusion. However, as a result of technological advancement, a new type of bullying has emerged referred as cyberbullying . Traditional forms of bullying and cyberbullying have common effects only that the latter is extended into cyberspace . The article indicates that boys tend to be more bullies as compared to girls. Middle school level also forms the platform whereby a lot of bullying incidents occurs. The authors outline how the different forms of bullying vary across different races and gender.
Kowalski, R. M. & Limber, S. P. (2013). Psychological, physical, and academic correlates of cyberbullying and traditional bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health , 53 (1), S13-S20.
The article outlines the consequences of conventional practices of cyberbullying and bullying on the physical and psychological health and academic performance of children and adolescents. Kowalski and Limber state that adolescents who have undergone some form of traditional bullying suffer from poor academic performance, emotional and overall well-being. The physical health effects of bullying include head and stomach aches, bedwetting among others. Victims of cyberbullying suffer from similar effects like traditional bullying. Kowalski and Limber conclude by indicating that, despite previous research indicating traditional and cyberbullying have no relationship, the physical, psychological and academic performance effects are similar.
Nixon, C. L. (2014). Current perspectives: The impact of cyberbullying on adolescent health. Adolescent health, medicine and therapeutics , 5 , 143.
Charisse L Nixon states in the article that the use of internet in the USA has shifted from just an extra communication necessity to a primary and requirement. Nixon indicates that more than 95% of adolescents in the USA have a connection to the internet. The article provides an insight of cyberbullying and its detrimental effects on adolescents’ well-being. Due to its ability to reach the unlimited mass of people, it increases the effects of exposure across time and space. The author of the article provides examples of the effects of cyberbullying as seen in the case of a 12-year-old girl Rebecca Sedwick who ended her life through suicide as a result of cyberbullying . The most common impacts of cyberbullying according to the article include mental health-related disorders which lead to suicidal behavior. Nixon concludes the article by indicating there is a need for increased intervention strategies towards stopping cyberbullying .
Ayers, S. L., Wagaman, M. A., Geiger, J. M. , Bermudez-Parsai, M., & Hedberg, E. C. (2012). Examining school-based bullying interventions using multilevel discrete time hazard modeling. Prevention Science , 13 (5), 539-550.
The article gives a detailed account of the different strategies used in eliminating bullying incidents from the school. Schools have over the years tried to reduce the cyberbullying incident but have ended up being futile. The article uses the social-ecological framework in determining the impacts of different disciplinary strategies used in eliminating bullying. Some of the strategies mentioned in the article include detention, suspension both in school and out of school and contacting parents. The article concludes that the use of these disciplinary strategies did not in any way deter the reoccurrence of bullying which indicates there is a need for much better strategies.
Al-Saadoon, M., Al-Farsi, Y. M., Rizvi, S., Al-Sharbati, M., Al-Jabri, A., Almamari, S. .. & Al-Adawi, S. (2014). The magnitude and impact of bullying among school pupils in Muscat, Oman: a cross-sectional study. The Scientific World Journal , 2014 .
According to the article, by Al-Saadoon et al. , the most common form of harassment from the study was verbal. It was followed by misuse, physical and social extension came in last. The article cites evidence as to why bullying is a persistent stressor that leaves them vulnerable at a tender age while they attend school. The article indicates the long-term effects linked to bullying including its prevalence in other nations throughout the world.
Fullchange, A., & Furlong, M. J. (2016). An exploration of effects of bullying victimization from a complete mental health perspective. Sage Open , 6 (1), 2158244015623593.
Full change and Furlong provide insight on why positive mental health should not just focus on one not having mental health problems. By having negative psychological constructs, it is an indication of unhealthy mental health. The authors provide detailed accounts on how bullying affects the psychological construct of an individual leading to poor mental health. Some of the reasons for such are due to the poor socio-emotional functioning. The authors indicate the different factors that result from bullying victimization and they conclude by showing why there is a need for researchers to assess mental health issues in schools.
References
Al-Saadoon, M., Al-Farsi, Y. M., Rizvi, S., Al-Sharbati, M., Al-Jabri, A., Almamari, S. .. & Al-Adawi, S. (2014). The magnitude and impact of bullying among school pupils in Muscat, Oman: a cross-sectional study. The Scientific World Journal , 2014 .
Ayers, S. L., Wagaman, M. A., Geiger, J. M. , Bermudez-Parsai, M., & Hedberg, E. C. (2012). Examining school-based bullying interventions using multilevel discrete time hazard modeling. Prevention science , 13 (5), 539-550.
Fullchange, A., & Furlong, M. J. (2016). An exploration of effects of bullying victimization from a complete mental health perspective. Sage Open , 6 (1), 2158244015623593.
Kowalski, R. M., & Limber, S. P. (2013). Psychological, physical, and academic correlates of cyberbullying and traditional bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health , 53 (1), S13-S20.
Nixon, C. L. (2014). Current perspectives: The impact of cyberbullying on adolescent health. Adolescent health, medicine , and therapeutics , 5 , 143.
Tsitsika, A. K., Barlou, E., Andrie, E., Dimitropoulou, C., Tzavela, E. C., Janikian, M., & Tsolia, M. (2014). Bullying behaviors in children and adolescents: “an ongoing story.” Frontiers in public health , 2 , 7.
Wolke, D., & Lereya, S. T. (2015). Long-term effects of bullying. Archives of disease in childhood , archdischild-2014.
Wang, J., Iannotti, R. J., & Luk, J. W. (2012). Patterns of adolescent bullying behaviors: Physical, verbal, exclusion, rumor, and cyber. Journal of school psychology , 50 (4), 521-534.
