Central Dogma of molecular biology is defined as the process in which genetic information flows from the DNA to RNA to make up a protein. The process was discovered by Francis Crick in 1958 (de Klerk, & AC‘t Hoen, 2015). It explains how genetic information flows from the DNA to RNA, making a functional product. The central Dogma of molecular biology explains that DNA has all the information required to make all body proteins while RNA is the messenger which carries that information into the ribosomes.
The process of information flowing from DNA to RNA, as explained by the central dogma of molecular biology occurs in two steps, which is transcription and translation. Transcription starts when RNA polymerase enzyme binds to protometer sequence at the start of a gene but may be directly or using a helper protein (de Klerk, & AC‘t Hoen, 2015). RNA polymerase uses a DNA strand as a template to make a complementary RNA molecule. During termination process, the step depends on sequences of the RNA which are used as the signals of the transcript ends.
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The translation is the second step in the Central Dogma of Molecular biology. Translation is the process in which after the transcription of DNA to RNA in the nucleus of the cell, ribosomes in the endoplasmic reticulum or cytoplasm synthesize proteins. During the translation process, the mRNA is encoded in the ribosome decoding center so that it can produce a polypeptide or an amino acid chain. The polypeptide then folds in an active protein, thus performing its function in the cells. The tRNA carries methionine amino acids which are then chained into polypeptides while the mRNA passes through and the ribosomes read it (Kilroy, 2016). Translation proceeds in three steps: initiation, elongation, and termination.
Translation process happens in the cytosol of the prokaryotes while eukaryotes, it occurs in the cytosol or across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane in a process that is called co-translational translocation (Lewis & Yang, 2017)
Reference
Kilroy, G. (2016). Edmund Campion: Memory and Transcription . Routledge.
Lewis, P., & Yang, X. (2017). The Organization of Transcription and Translation. Bacillus , 127.
de Klerk, E., & AC‘t Hoen, P. (2015). Alternative mRNA transcription, processing, and translation: insights from RNA sequencing. Trends in Genetics , 31 (3), 128-139.
