What is cloning? From a scientific standpoint, what procedures would be used to clone a human?
Cloning refers to the process gathering of hereditarily indistinguishable cells, or people got by sexual division from a typical ancestor. The copied tissue, which will have a similar DNA as the original, is called a clone. There are numerous procedures related to human cloning, which constitute reproductive cloning, therapeutic cloning and embryo cloning.
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A subsequent system for human cloning is the substitution of the somatic nuclear. This technique takes into consideration the making of an infinite number of clones of one individual. This was a similar strategy that was utilized when cloning Dolly, the sheep. This procedure includes exchanging DNA from an individual’s cell to a hereditarily clear egg. The means associated with this strategy are: Scientist requires two cells. One cell is a body cell from the person that will be cloned. The cell is a physical cell, which means it originates from an organ or tissue and contains the DNA fundamental for making a clone. The second cell is an unfertilized egg ( Brown, 2016) .
Is cloning humans different procedurally from cloning animals? Are there any physiological risks to cloning humans? Are these risks different for animals? Why or why not?
The procedure of cloning human beings is similar to the cloning of animals. Cloning of animals involves Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT), which consists of the transfer of the nucleus from a somatic cell to an egg cell. The egg cell will act like a freshly fertilized zygote after a couple of chemical tweaks (Keefer, 2015) . This is the same scenario for the cloning of human beings. However, humans are too dangerous to clone since it is life-threatening, thus making it fatal. Cloning has worked well for animals because of the extensive research associated with animal cloning.
What is imprinting? What role does imprinting play in cloning humans? Animals?
Imprinting is the learning stage of life that happens autonomously. Genomic imprinting is a case where genes are expressed in children that come from either parent. If the allele inherited from the mother is imprinted, which means it is silenced, meaning the allele of the father is expressed. This process is critical in human development because if one of the alleles that should be represented is deleted or inactivated, it can result in syndromes like the Angelman Syndrome or Prader-Will Syndrome. The loss of imprinting in offspring has been shown to cause large size at birth, breathing problems, organ distention along with many other complications.
How does cloning differ from sexual reproduction?
Cloning is merely different from sexual production. Cloning is a scenario, which involves replicating cells physically to make them similar to a particular cell of an organism. Sexual production entails the dissociation of those cells and the result is different from the parents. Also, sexual production requires many cells, while cloning requires one.
What role do meiosis and mitosis play in maintaining the integrity of the genetic code during cloning? Sexual reproduction?
Both meiosis and mitosis are crucial in sexual production. They both entail cell division to recreate new cells. Meiosis makes the required cells for sexual production occur. Mitosis encourages the replication of non-sex cells which crucial for development and growth.
Will Jason II be “identical” to Jason I? Why or why not?
Jason II will be identical to Jason I. This is because Jason I and her mother will undergo reproductive cloning. The DNA detached from McMasters's wife will be replaced with DNA extracted from Jason I as recommended by Dr. Wilcox. This procedure will substantially reproduce a duplicate of an existing person.
What is the difference between a somatic cell and a sex cell?
Cells are the basic structure of an organism. Somatic cells are cells in the body, which reproduce by mitosis and they are full of chromosomes. Sex cells refer to the sperm and ovum. Sex cells reproduce by meiosis and they contain half sets of chromosomes that a somatic chromosome has.
References
Brown, T. A. (2016). Gene cloning and DNA analysis: an introduction . John Wiley & Sons.
Keefer, C. L. (2015). Artificial cloning of domestic animals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 112 (29), 8874-8878.
