The conventional role of police officers of preventing and responding to crime is changing, especially due to new crimes such as terrorism and cybercrimes. There are four structures of the police function in homeland security and they include criminal justice system, national security, safety system, security system. Under criminal justice system, the police are now working with other enforcement departments such as military and intelligence agencies to deal with terrorism. They also collaborate with state, local, and other special law enforcement under national to ensure the safety of Americans. In addition, police work with emergency agencies to carry out evacuation during catastrophic emergencies. Besides, they collaborate with private security, mainly to protect critical infrastructure ( Barrickman, 2015) . Boston Marathon bombing is a good example where police used the four systems to play an active role in homeland security. More than 2,500 law implementation officers from 116 local, state, and federal organizations played important role in protecting, evacuating, and searching for terrorists ( Barrickman, 2015) . The police collaborated with military and intelligence to capture one of the bombing suspects. The police also collaborated with emergency responders Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency (MEMA) and American Red Cross to evacuate people from the crime scene. At the same time, the police worked closely with private securities to enhance surveillance of critical infrastructure immediately after the bombing ( Cordner, 2016)
Intelligence-led policing refers to a collective system based on enhanced intelligence maneuvers and community-based policing, including problem solving ( Peterson, 2005) . The strategies used by terrorist have changed and law enforcement agencies such as the police now find it hard to predict or detect terrorist attacks. At the same time, no single agency can provide enough intelligence that can be used to prevent terrorism. Consequently, there is a need for collaboration between law enforcement agencies and the public or local community. Therefore, the changing terrorism strategies, inadequate intelligence, and need to collaborate with the local community led to the development of intelligence-led policing, which can be used effectively to counter terrorist acts ( Peterson, 2005) .
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Part Two: Decision-Making and Organizational Philosophies
The nature of law enforcement strategies is changing with the emergence of new crimes and technology. Some of the main strategies that are used today include intelligence-led policing (ILP) and community oriented policing. Community oriented policing approaches refers to a efficient use of partnership and problem solving methods in order to proactively address security and safety issues by mainly collaborating with local people. ILP, on the other hand, is a collaborative strategy used by the police to improve intelligence gathering by collaborating with law enforcement agencies ( Cordner, 2016). There are a lot of similarities between ILP and community orient policing strategies. First, both strategies use the same information management systems. Because they rely on information from the public and other law enforcement agencies. Both ILP and community orient policing rely on two way communication with the public to get information. In addition, both ILP and community orient policing the same problem solving techniques (Cope, 2004) . Community orient policing use problem solving to reconcile community condition that is associated with crime and disorder. At the same time, ILP uses intelligence to reconcile factors that are linked to the vulnerable target ( Cordner, 2016) However, the two strategies are also different. Community oriented policing emphasizes policing to the needs of the local community. ILP, on the other hand, is a strategy where techniques and priorities are determined based on more critical analysis of criminal situations. In addition, community oriented policing uses bottom-up philosophies to solve security problems while ILP is bureaucratic because it plays more emphasis on a top-down approach to law enforcement ( Barrickman, 2015) .
References
Barrickman, N. (2015). Report details massive police response to Boston Marathon bombing. Retrieved from https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2015/04/06/bost-a06.html
Peterson, M. (2005). Intelligence-led policing: The new intelligence architecture . Washington DC: US Department of Justice.
Cordner, W.G. (2016). Police Administration (9 th ed.). Routledge.
