In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a complex process used to solve fertility problems or the prevention of genetic issues. Typically, it aids in the child's conception process through the retrieval of ova from ovaries and fertilization by sperm in the laboratory. Later, the fertilized ovum (embryo) is implanted on the uterine wall. Usually, the eggs or sperm are taken from the partners in question or a donor.
When eggs (ova) are retrieved, they are placed in a culture medium (nutritive liquid). Then, they are incubated to ensure their survival (MFMER, 2019). Mature and healthy eggs are later mixed with sperm to create embryos. However, all eggs are not fertilized successfully. During sperm retrieval, the partner will provide a sample of semen to the doctor through masturbation or testicular aspiration. Testicular aspiration comprises the use of a surgical process to extract sperm from the testicle. They are then separated from semen in the lab.
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The process is followed by fertilization to create an embryo. There are two main methods used, including the application of conventional insemination, which involves the mixing and incubation of healthy sperm and a mature egg overnight (MFMER, 2019). Furthermore, intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is also employed. In this case, there is the injection of healthy sperm into a mature ovum. It is applicable when semen has quality problems, or prior fertilization failed. Before implantation is done, there is genetic testing to avoid the transfer of undesired traits to the offspring. The embryo is conveyed by the use of a catheter into the uterus. At the end of the catheter, the is a syringe of fluid with an embryo therein. The syringe is used to place the embryo on the uterus wall.
A couple may opt for IVF under various conditions. First, IVF is administered if the fallopian tube is blocked or damaged, rendering fertilization and implantation impossible. Moreover, it is recommended for a spouse with ovulation disorders, which are infrequent or absent. Besides, IVF is used if there was a previous case of tubal ligation to prevent pregnancy. On the other hand, there can be impaired sperm production in that the couples face reduced mobility of sperm and abnormalities. Usually, these conditions render natural fertilization impossible; therefore, a couple will opt for IVF.
Reference
Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). (2019). In vitro fertilization (IVF). Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/in-vitro-fertilization/about/pac-20384716
