Gender and the Significant Correlation with Pro-Life Activism

Introduction

Before the age of women's legal rights era, reproductive rights and reproductive politics were left to men to regulate as women were infringed on all voting rights. During the women's suffrage movement, women finally got the right to vote. In the year of 1973, a landmark case appeared in the Supreme Court that addressed a woman's right to an abortion. In the Roe vs . Wade (Castle, M. A. 2001) case, the Supreme court ruled the fourteenth amendment covered that woman's abortion. It guaranteed all citizens the right to having their privacy. The Roe vs . Wade case set a precedent for making reproductive politics one of the matter that would be private (Castle, M.A. 20011) rather than a public one. However, in today's year of 2018 we now still see public figures and their supporters that want to repeal that Landmark decision, making abortions hard to attain. Whether it's by labeling pregnancy as a pre-existing condition or making pregnancy not covered in healthcare, political candidates are tirelessly pushing pro-life agendas across the nation.

The Bridge between Man and Pro-Life Activism

After surveying 820 college students, motives behind pro-life attitudes were released (Swank, E., & and Fahs, B. 2016) Men who favored authoritarian outlooks, attended religious services, had less education, and were poorer rallied behind pro-life attitudes (Swank, E.,& Fahs, B. 2016) Amongst the list of motives is income. Poor men often really behind pro-life activism due to their weak access to health insurance as (Swanky, E. & Fahs B.2016 stated) for many of the surveyees, abortion fees are not protected by their health insurance plans, where some of them had no health care that leads them to scare them into keeping the baby. Men with low educational attainment tend to have less money and gain; in that regards, those combined factors contribute to the imploring pro-life attitude displayed by the male gender. Men with low academic attainment (Swank, E.,& Fahs B 2016) enter the workforce earlier accepting lower paying wages. Therefore, the male gender at this lower level of socioeconomic status tends to start families earlier. Since abortions are very costly, poor men tend to show lack of support towards it. However, interesting enough College male students favoring authoritarian (Swank, E.,& Fahs, B 2016) outlooks promoted pro-life decisions. Traditionally, of these surveyees, most men who resonated with authoritarian prospects were the traditionalist ( Swank, E.,& and Fahs, B.2016) or identified as being raised by traditionalists parents. To the surveyees, they condemned abortions because they viewed it as a woman's problem or because they felt that men, in general, should be there to financially take care of their children (Swank, E.,& Fahs B.2016). Building off what was previously stated with the context of traditionally born male and their links to pro-life activism and there are other sets of men to explore. These males have high academic skills and lots of money. Men of high educational attainment have better-paying jobs (Rodman. H., Sarvis, B & Bonar, J. 1987). With excellent health insurance, abortions are not necessary and not widely accepted. To expand, males of high educational achievement tend to be married, as high scholastic attainment is an attraction to various women in our generation. Being in a marriage is beneficial, and in friendships, newlyweds are more into starting a family (Rodman, H ., Sarvis & Bonar, J. 1987) Therefore, abortions to them are viewed harm and wrong. Another aspect of pushing pro-life attitude is prejudice and discrimination. Well- off men know who is going to be more affected by these and these upcoming laws. People of color being disproportionately poor (Rodman, H., Sarvis, B., & Bonar, J. 1987) are profoundly affected by newer regulations. Moreover, minor in some states need parental consent, which creates another barrier for women and girls.

According to the politics of women's rights by Christina Wolbrecht pro-life activism can be perceived as a tactic for political power gain. A political candidate's stance on the controversial issue is enough to gain political by standard's vote(Wolbrecht, C. 2000). Another tool in achieving political bystanders votes is getting the endorsement of dominant groups. When the KKK endorsed Donald Trump so did many k k k Klan supporters. One particular political scientist named Christina World breast study political parties and their changes since the 1950s. From that, we can induce why man holds traditional ideologies. The split between the political parties came about during contemplation of the Equal Rights Amendment. Both political parties became Republican "sharply polarized" (Wolbrecht, C. 2000) Republicans then opposed the Equal Rights Amendment and did not want to hold the same status in society as previously marginalized groups. Democrats then supported the Equal Rights Amendment understanding that prior marginalized groups needed some form of reparations. To backtrack the Equal Rights Amendment stating "the equality of rights under the law shall not be abridged by the United States or by any states based on sex." Nelson (1988) was the first proposed by the National Woman's party in 1923. Republicans then became the party based on the idea that gender equality must not prevail. Today there is a link between the Republican ideologies from a long time and the traditional male doctrines. These ideologies transcend through the years. There are a statistically significant amount of men who fail to realize women as equal. There is the notation that exists that we civilians would be looking at a completely different world had the maturing and nurturing process of Offspring Duty be given to men. A 1980 Gallup Poll yielded that's on the questionnaire that asked whether abortion should be legal under any circumstance, specific or illegal under all circumstances are more men than women answer unlawful under all circumstances (Rodman, H., Sarvis, B., & Bonar, J. 1987) by 20 to 16 percent (Rodman, H. Sarvis, B.,& Bonar, J. 1987). A similar question was used regarding unrestricted access to abortion which men gain undermined that Viewpoint by nine to ten percent (Rodman, H., Sarvis, B., & Bonar, J. 1987). Fewer men favor women having unrestricted access to abortion by ten percent margin (Rodman, H., Sarvis, B.,& Bonar, J. 1987). The sample was taken from 310 medical students (Rodman, H., Sarvis, B., & Bonar, J. 1987) from the surveyed that medical professions used, it was clear that the group was more favorable to abortions (Rodman, H., Sarvis, B., & Bonar, J. 1987) in relation to the general public. Men favored abortions and abortion-related questions far less than women did. Although We examined a small percentage of American men in power (Rodman, H., Sarvis, B. & Bonar, J.1987), political candidate's or medical professionals makeup concerning the general public far less of the pro-life activism than that do religious men. The proof is explored among the Roman Catholic debate. The Pope of the Roman Catholic church and his bishops Rodman, H., Sarvis, B., & Bonar, J. 1987) are very publicly against abortions. They condemn other men in power who strongly oppose it, but have not stated to get rid of it entirely.

Literature Review

The relationship between gender and pro-life activism is a significant aspect of the discussion that helps in determining the influence of a particular gender in matters regarding pro-life issues in the society. The focus of this section is to discuss the importance of gender on aspects regarding pro-life activism based on other current and previous researches undertaken to demonstrate the significance and impact of gender on pro-life choices. According to Smith (2005), women are entitled to their reproductive rights, which is a significant factor that influences their decisions and preferences regarding the pro-life issues based on individual interests and factors such as health. However, women have continued to experience infringement of their reproductive rights thus leaving the pro-life decisions to the men, whom in most cases have no adequate information and facts regarding pro-life issues and experiences. Swank & Fahs (2016) maintain that the issue of reproductive rights has turned into sexual politics where men politicians engage in pushing for pro-life agendas.

The issue of engaging men in pro-life activism has created a significant gap between the men who supported the issue of abortion and those with opposing views. According to Gideon (2006), the pro-life attitudes among men differ based on factors such religious belief, social status, and educational attainment. Nowell (2012) mentions that men who tend to be authoritarian with less education and strong religious affiliations tend to have negative views regarding the issue of abortion while those with higher educational attainment supported the pro-life activities based on factors such as health considerations. Additionally, men with low income have problems raising abortion cost thus leading to a situation where male gender with low socioeconomic status engage in starting of families earlier out of the situation factor they find themselves in. Considering this engagement in pro-life activism by the male gender, women are denied their reproductive rights to make decisions pro-life choices despite them being the key stakeholders involved in the productive activities.

According to Nowell (2012), it is necessary to provide women with the ability to engage in pro-life activism and pro-life choices considering that they play an essential role in the reproduction process. Additionally, the implementation of the parental investment theory is necessary to ensure that each gender has the essential responsibilities regarding the pro-life issues in any given situation. Gideon (2006) maintains that women should be granted the rights to engage and monitor their reproductive health as part of engaging them towards appropriate pro-life activism. However, considering that men have become subconsciously involved in pro-life activism, it is necessary to ensure that they do not take up full responsibilities regarding the pro-life activism but should support the women to make proper decisions.

Theory

Many factors led man to promote pro-life activism rather than pro-choice attitudes. There is a three-part theory that attempts to explain gender behavior and ideologies that could drive up to pro-life activism. The parental investment theory is a theory that seeks to examine theoretically what each gender has to invest to produce an offspring (Bjorklund, D.,& Kipp, k. 1996) for women, the minimum investment it takes to create a family is nine months although many argue a year and six months after factoring in postpartum breastfeeding. For men, it is a little as one night. These investments Solely reflect the minimum amount of time and resources each gender has to invest to make a baby.

Biologically, the gender responsibilities are disproportionate, and women at the bare minimum would have to put in more resources to produce in a baby. Almost immediately after ejaculation, a men's purpose in reproduction process is completed (Bjorklund, D., & Kipp, K. 1996). Women, on the other hand, have to bear the child in their uterus for nine months women also have to go in labor and push a baby out the birth canal at Birth. The study shows that men have less work than women do during the parental and reproduction process. Men are aware of these differences yet seek to make abortion illegal.

Evolution has also played a key role as to why some males are just sub subconsciously pro-life. (Bjorklund, D.,& Kipp, K.1996) Reproductive success an evolutionary trait is having your DNA passed down from generation to generation. Men have genetic DNA, which they give off during intercourse. (Bjorklund, D.,& Kipp, K.1996 )The fear of lowering reproductive success is a subconscious fear many men have. That desire to have genetic DNA passed down (maximize reproductive success) is what may be gearing men toward an anti-abortion stance. The third aspects of the parental investment Theory focus on the behavior aspect. Having to do less to reproduce a baby physically, creates the desire to want to keep the parental-offspring alive. (Bjorklund & Kipp,1996). Just being the gender responsible to pass fourth their genes, evolutionarily, has led to more men being interested in casual sex with Partners chosen initially on appearance (Bjorklund & Kipp, 1996 ) whenever women engage in intercourse whether on or off birth control, younger women also have to worry about consequences of an untimely pregnancy.

To recap, there are various reasons provided by multiple texts as to why men have geared their ideologies around pro-life attitudes. It has to do with evolution, behavior, reproductive success, and traditionalist ideologies. My viewpoint then goes about seeing how men the gender that holds the least amount of investment in making a baby gains more control and promoting pro-life attitudes.

H1: Men, the gender that holds the least amount of investment in reproducing a baby are statistically and significantly correlated with promoting pro-life activism.

Conceptual Definition and Operationalization

Conceptual definition associated with this research focuses solely on the position that pro-life activism is an approach that can be attributed to the women when compared to the men. That is becoming men tend to have the least investment when dealing with the reproduction process. That means that women tend to have higher positions in their consideration of whether to engage in acts of abortion. That can be supported by the landmark ruling by the Supreme Court, which indicated that women have the right to decide whether they would want to engage in engage in abortion. The operationalization of this study can be seen from the perspective that it seeks to create a practical approach from which to build the respective avenue that would try to support or project pro-life activism. In that view, women will be accorded the right to reflect on their understanding of pro-life activism taking into account the role that they play in ensuring that they promote life. Consequently, this would mean that the number of abortions would reduce drastically considering that it would become somewhat challenging for the women to encourage such actions that do not support pro-life activism.

Data & Methods

To gather data to understand the link between gender and pro-life activism, several scholarly sources have been explored. All sources contribute something variant and help in building a case in seeing how gender correlates with pro-life activism in the U.S. The politics of women's rights focuses on productive politics roughly since the 1950s. From this piece, the traditionalist's ideologist was transparent in some of the answers shown today. The abortion Question was yet another good source that brought in the factors that create a spurious relationship as to how men are correlated to pro-life activism. To increase my data and show correlation and strength this research proposal, the National Election Study Data will be examined to see if there indeed is a correlation between the independent variable (men) and the dependent variable (pro-life attitudes). To determine causation, there will also be a survey given to men from all walks of life, giving out electronically, with a question regarding abortion and abortion practices as well as beliefs on abortion. On this survey, there will also be slots for a brief explanation of specific questions asked to get the most of the answers received. The data found related pro-life activism from to various ideologies. 

Results

Pro-life activism was linked to men but on the basis of men asparagus relationships. Having low and high educational attainment caused men polarized toward an anti-abortion stance. Be well off economically, or poor contributed to men carrying an anti-abortion stance. Religion added to whether or not a man held anti-abortion positions but, it also added to the severity of the attitude they held. Men who were more religious found themselves being against abortion completely. However, the ones with less religious belief found themselves hating but, tolerated it more. Men in medical professionals hated abortions far more than women in the medical professional field. The study shows men in power use productive politics in spreading pro-life activism to sway political by standards. According to all these statements as mentioned above, there are proofs, however, that men and numbers are spreading pro-life activism.

Conclusion

All in all, men play a reasonably quick role in conceiving an embryo, but sick to play a huge part in reducing access to Women Healthcare services, in this case, abortions. It is about women's right be shifted back into the hands of the primarily affected gender women. Women by fair, in a majority vote to keep abortions around. Even many women whom of which do not support abortions at all, still decide. Women's rights is a relatively new phenomenon as just one century ago, women all over the nation gather to demand equal rights. The road to gender equality is far from over, but it is about time we united to stop oppression at the heart of the beat.

References

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Castle, M. A.(2012). Abortion in the United States' bible belt: organizing for power and empowerment. Reproductive health 8(2), 1-12. Doi:10.12871743-4855-9-1

Gideon, J. (2006). Integrating gender interests into health policy.  Development and Change ,  37 (2), 329-352.

Kaplan, H ( 1996), A Theory of fertility investment in traditional and modern human societies. Am J. Phys. Anthropol., 101:91-135.

Nowell, A. (2012). Gender. International Journal of Psychology 47 (2), 384-401.

Reardon, David. "Psychological Reactions Reported After Abortion." Abortion Facts . Elliot Institute. 1994. Web. 6 Oct. 2012. 

Rodman Hyman, Betty Sarvis, and Joy Walker Bonar. The Abortion question. New York: Columbia University Press, 1987

Smith, A. (2005). Beyond pro-choice versus pro-life: Women of color and reproductive justice.  NWSA Journal ,  17 (1), 119-140.

Swank, E., & Fahs, B. (2016). Resources, masculinities, and gender differences among pro-life activists. Sexuality & culture, 20(2), 277-294.

Swank, E., & Fahs, B. (2016). Resources, Masculinities, and Gender Differences Among Pro-life Activists.  Sexuality & Culture ,  20 (2), 277-294.