Post 1
The field of forensic psychology has aroused the interest of many researchers in the twenty-first century. One of the topics of research in forensic psychology involves criminal behavior among African American youths in the US. One of the ethical guidelines that would be necessary to perform research based on the stated topic would be the requisition of informed consent to take part in the study (American Psychological Association, 2013). The sample that would qualify for the study would be aged between 18 and 28 and be of African American descent. The population sample would also come from the major urban centers in the US, such as New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Los Angeles. Such cities are known to have high crime rates in some of their regions. The research would make use of both male and female participants, and they should have completed high school or any other level of education within the United States of America.
For the participants, their informed consent is paramount to the success of the study. Firstly, having given their informed consent will ensure that they are committed to the study. The respondents of the study will have to give their full support to the research to ensure that it is valid (Fisher & Vacanti-Shova, 2012). Secondly, the participants' informed consent will ensure that the lines of communication in the research are open. In a bid to obtain the informed consent from the participants, the researchers will have to communicate about the study in entirety. The research aims at initiating social change regarding the noninvolvement of the African American youths in criminal activities. The study will do so by beginning at understanding the reasons why African American youths are easily attracted to criminal activities from the grassroots levels (Greenaway et al., 2016). The research will then tackle the issue by proposing workable solutions to the government regarding the issue of African American youths being involved in criminal activities.
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Post 2
Forensic psychologists have defined malingering as the act of purposely producing falsely exaggerated psychological or physical symptoms to receive a reward. The reward, in this case, could be the avoidance of punishment or the exemption from particular duties. Criminal defendants may be inclined to malinger for various reasons. Firstly, criminal defendants may malinger due to the civil and criminal situations that involve high stakes (Boccaccini, Murrie, & Duncan, 2006). The defendants are inclined to malinger in this case to avoid a specific negative consequence that may arise from the crime they have committed. Criminal defendants might also be inclined to malinger for their gains (Vitacco, Rogers, Gabel, & Munizza, 2007). For instance, a defendant may malinger to receive monetary compensation while acting like the victim in the crime that he or she has committed. Thirdly, a criminal defendant may be inclined to malinger in a bid to prolong the judicial process and convince the judges or attorneys to drop the case against him or her.
Forensic psychologists use a variety of tools to determine if an individual is malingering, such as in the case of criminal defense. One of the benefits of such tools is that they seek to promote justice in the courts of law, as most individuals tend to seek the easier way out of a case (Boccaccini, Murrie, & Duncan, 2006). Conversely, such tools and mainly, if applied inappropriately, may lead to the failure to differentiate malingering with other problems such as the factitious disorder, which has been classified as a psychological disorder (Vitacco, Rogers, Gabel & Munizza, 2007). The significant distinction between the roles of therapeutic and forensic psychology is that the former applies clinical assessment techniques to solve an issue while the latter applies forensic methodologies for the same reason. Therefore, therapeutic psychologists approach a disorder from a clinical point of view (Greenberg & Shuman, 1997). On the other hand, forensic psychologists apply the law to approach psychological disorders.
References
American Psychological Association. (2013). Writing for the Behavioral and Social Sciences. In Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed., pp. 16-18). Washington, DC: Author.
Boccaccini, M. T., Murrie, D. C., & Duncan, S. A. (2006). Screening for Malingering in a
Criminal-forensic Sample with the Personality Assessment Inventory. Psychological Assessment , 18 (4), 415.
Fisher, C. B., & Vacanti-Shova, K. (2012). The responsible conduct of psychological research: An overview of ethical principles, APA ethics code standards, and federal regulations. In S. J. Knapp, M. C. Gottlieb, M. M. Handelsman, & L. D. VandeCreek (Eds.), APA handbook of ethics in psychology, Vol 2: Practice, teaching, and research (pp. 335–369). Washington, DC: American Psychological
Greenaway, K. H., Cichocka, A., van Veelen, R., Likki, T., & Branscombe, N. R. (2016).
Feeling Hopeful Inspires Support for Social Change. Political Psychology , 37 (1), 89-107.
Greenberg, S. A., & Shuman, D. W. (1997). Irreconcilable Conflict between Therapeutic and
Forensic Roles. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice , 28 (1), 50.
Vitacco, M. J., Rogers, R., Gabel, J., & Munizza, J. (2007). An Evaluation of Malingering
Screens with Competency to Stand Trial Patients: A Known-groups Comparison. Law and Human Behavior , 31 (3), 249-260.
