How to Spot Fake News and Avoid Being Misled

Allcott, H., & Gentzkow, M. (2017). Social media and fake news in the 2016 election. 

Journal of economic perspectives

Researchers and authors present the concept of fake news through the Journal of economic perspectives where they focus on social media and fake news in the 2016 American election. Data from online survey, web browsing data and from archives of fact-checking websites is employed to present the use of social media as a media for presenting fake news. Social media is presented as a substantial source of news with considerable American demography depending on it to obtain information on different prevailing political and economic news. In the political period, fake news was distributed favoring Trump during his campaigns. 

As per the data obtained from the context, the fake news has distributed a total of 30 million times on Facebook. Fake news favoring Clinton were distributed 8 million times. The authors suggest that people are most likely to believe fake news favoring the preferred candidate in such a political climate. Fake news is, therefore, mostly distributed through social media networks. 

Lazer, D. M., Baum, M. A., Benkler, Y., Berinsky, A. J., Greenhill, K. M., Menczer, F., ... & Schudson, M. (2018). The science of fake news.  Science ,  359 (6380), 1094-1096. 

The authors and researchers of the Science of fake news present analyze the rise of fake news and the impact of misinformation evaluating the internet age. Authors present the issue of fake news as a global problem although much remains unknown following the vulnerabilities of the institutions, individuals and the society receiving the fake news. Researchers in this context focus on the analysis of the unanswered scientific questions regarding the prevailing proliferation of political fake news. 

Furthermore, the science of fake news presents a system of safeguarding the production of news in order to avoid the misleading information presented to society through fake news. Furthermore, the researchers depict data from other sources defining various impacts of fake news in correspondence to the political and economic climate. In relation to the impact of fake news, the authors analyze the vulnerability of organizations, society, and different individuals. All the context aims at presenting the science of fake news. 

Conroy, N. J., Rubin, V. L., & Chen, Y. (2015). Automatic deception detection: Methods for finding fake news. 

Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology

Researchers and authors’ present information analyzed from data obtained from surveys on determining methods for finding fake news. Through the association for information science and technology, different approaches for automatic deception detection are presented on the current state characterized by fake news speared in the economy. Fake news detection is defined as the task of categorizing along with a range of veracity. The authors suggest that the online news presentation and publication following the increased number of news editors and bloggers. 

In addition, the context highlights the integration of social media for news spreading as the main platform for spreading fake news. The authors present two approaches; linguistic cue approaches and network analysis approaches that are relevant for analyzing the truth of emerging news as they are spread into the society. In addition, the author highlights innovative approaches that are relevant to the identification of fake news. Lastly, the researchers recommend operational guidelines that are necessary for a feasible fake news detecting system. 

Tandoc Jr, E. C., Lim, Z. W., & Ling, R. (2018). Defining “fake news” A typology of scholarly definitions.  Digital journalism ,  6 (2), 137-153. 

Authors of the manuscript presented through Digital journalism collaborate with researchers to present a suitable definition of fake news. The author presents different types of fake news including news parody, news satire, manipulation, fabrication, propaganda, and advertising. The definition of fake news is based on two main dimensions including the level of deception and facticity. The context presents a typology that facilitates the clarification of the real meaning of fake news. In addition, the context associates the definition of fake news with misinformation from a published piece of information spread into society through different communication channels and social media platforms. 

Moreover, the context integrates the definition from different scholarly definitions relating it to the current climate. Through different types of fake news identified in the context, the author relates with the current news climate incorporating political, economic and business news. Lastly, the context highlights the impacts of fake news to the society especially the users of social media and the rate at which the news spread among members of the community creating varying perceptions in return. 

Rubin, V., Conroy, N., Chen, Y., & Cornwell, S. (2016, June). Fake news or truth? using satirical cues to detect potentially misleading news. In 

Proceedings of the second workshop on computational approaches to deception detection 

Authors collaborate with researchers to collect data necessary for the identification of misleading fake news. The context presented analyzes the use of satirical cues with the aim of detecting potentially misleading News. Satire is defined as an attractive subject in deception detection research that intentionally incorporates cues that aid in the analysis of its own deceptiveness. In addition, the news context is analyzed by identifying the satire in the context where satirical news is carefully matched and compared with the legitimate news counterparts in order to determine the deceptiveness in the context generated. 

SVM based algorithm is suggested through the context, which constitutes of 5 predictive features including grammar, humor, absurdity, punctuation and negative affect. The combination of any of the identified features is used while determining the truth or falseness of the news presented. The context presents the grammar, absurdity, and punctuation as the main or preferred combination necessary for the practice. 

References 

Allcott, H., & Gentzkow, M. (2017). Social media and fake news in the 2016 election.  Journal of economic perspectives ,  31 (2), 211-36. 

Lazer, D. M., Baum, M. A., Benkler, Y., Berinsky, A. J., Greenhill, K. M., Menczer, F., ... & Schudson, M. (2018). The science of fake news.  Science ,  359 (6380), 1094-1096. 

Conroy, N. J., Rubin, V. L., & Chen, Y. (2015). Automatic deception detection: Methods for finding fake news.  Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology ,  52 (1), 1-4. 

Tandoc Jr, E. C., Lim, Z. W., & Ling, R. (2018). Defining “fake news” A typology of scholarly definitions.  Digital journalism ,  6 (2), 137-153. 

Rubin, V., Conroy, N., Chen, Y., & Cornwell, S. (2016, June). Fake news or truth? using satirical cues to detect potentially misleading news. In  Proceedings of the second workshop on computational approaches to deception detection  (pp. 7-17).