Baumrind introduced the four child-rearing approaches. These are “authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and neglectful/uninvolved (Totkova, 2019). Each style has a different effect on the child’s development ranging from “trust vs. mistrust, Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt , Initiative vs. Guilt , Industry vs. Inferiority , Identity vs. Confusion and Intimacy vs. Isolation ” as indicated in Erickson’s stages of development (McLeod, 2018). The way a parent or caregiver interacts with the child and disciplinary measures influences future life.
An authoritarian parent emphasis on obedience and reprimand methods over discipline. The child is unable to express themselves, develops self-esteem problems and isolation. An authoritative caregiver makes a positive connection and imposes rules. The child is made to understand the reasons behind rules and punishment need when the rules are not followed. The positive relationship helps the child develop trust, autonomy, and identity. A permissive caregiver ignores imposing rules, inferring the child will learn best with minimal interference. The parent often encourages the child to be open, but the probability of developing behavioral problems due to lack of authority and rules appreciation is high. These children often exhibit self-esteem and reports of sadness. Neglectful/uninvolved parents offer limited guidance, nurture, or attention to the young ones (Totkova, 2019). Such children have self-esteem issues, poor performance, low levels of happiness and frequent behavioral problems. The behavior a child developed as they grow persists in the future.
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Cultural norms related to parenting practices impact the way children are brought up. The standards determine beliefs and values the parents will teach the children, methods of coaching the values and behaviors, and what is considered as appropriate or inappropriate acts. Western culture is different from the Eastern in parenting aspect. Parents in the eastern region are preservative and believe in using religion to teach values and appropriate behavior to growing children. The American standards are mostly considered neglectful since there is no specific culture followed by these individuals. Some cultures encourage collective rearing of a child, where extended family and community are involved in teaching children the right behavior. Individualistic culture, however, emphasizes self-sufficiency with parents alone involved in rearing their child.
References
McLeod, S. (2018). Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development. Simply Psychology .
Totkova, Z. (2019). Symbolic Interactionism and the Perceived Style of Parenting. Qualitative Sociology Review , 15 (2), 172-184.
