The human being has many senses which explicitly allow for a detailed interaction with their adjacent surrounding environment. The moment a stimulus has been sensed and perceived an action will be taken in response to that particular stimulus. Therefore, the most basic way to describe human behavior is a stimulus then followed by a response (Gelstein et al., 2011). The stimulus and response relationship has been focused critically at various levels of human brain functioning. For the relationship to efficiently function there is the need for a precise integration of the sensory input with the motor system to occur in the brain. Krakauer & Shadmehr, (2006), the outgoing motor signals on the other have to be accurately converted into their intended muscle movement. Therefore, any form of change that might occur in any of these factors as a result of alteration in the external or even internal environment of the body, sensory system image, movement disorder presence or even deficit in perception might affect the ability and performance of the brain to properly function.
Auditory awareness is dependent on environment. The capability to detect and interpret a sensation is believed to be reliant on the environment. Studies have shown that sound tends to travel four times faster in water than in air since water is much denser than air hence it can transmit sound vibrations. Since human beings often localize sound in part by the use of the difference in time required for the acoustic vibration to reach one of the years versus the other. According to Shupak et al., (2005), it is however difficult for the human to localize sound while under the water because the faster speed of transmission leads to a time difference between the ears which is small for a person to distinguish. When a diver hears a sound, unless they are trained, they tend to look up even in instances where the sound comes from one direction. The whales are well adapted to the underwater environment even utilizing the acoustic cues to determine the present location and their prey’s movement.
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The environment plays a vital role in influencing personality variations through the early development of issues such as drug abuse by the pregnant mother. This causes chemical distortion resulting to fetal alcohol syndrome, FAS. Focusing on the nervous system, construction, apoptosis is an approach used to kill the unneeded cells according to the matches of the axons and cells. When an expectant mother engages in heavy drinking of alcohol, it might inhibit the excitation of the neurons that could have normally been matched to avoid apoptosis hence resulting in behavioral disorders.
Olfaction can be subtle but often important. When a person sees tears, it tends to evoke a feeling of concern; however, the smell of tears will have a different effect. For instance, research has shown that the female tear’s smell does not elicit empathy how it decreases the sexual arousal and the levels of testosterone (Gelstein et al., 2011). It is true that the olfaction plays a vital role in identifying a genetically compatible mate. The human brains often will react differently to two distinct putative pheromones compared with a common odor hence suggesting a link between hypothalamic neuronal and sexual orientation processes (Robertson & Sagiv, 2004). There are instances where the subtle olfactory response will offer vital information on sexual response. Such types of subtle often subconscious, responses indicated the significance of olfaction in human perception.
Hallucinations are distorted perceptions. Some of the common events including injury, drug use or even sensory deprivation often cause the aberration in the sensory perception. Such aberrations in most instances are experienced in the form of hallucination that is produced by the mind and not the sensory stimuli. According to Robertson & Sagiv, (2004), all these might be tasted, heard, seen or even smelled. Research has shown that it is not easy to induce a multi sensory hallucination through the sensory deprivation. Hallucination might further be experienced in other forms of disorders such as drug withdrawal, schizophrenia or even major depression.
Synesthesia also tends to occur naturally. Synesthesia is simply a condition where an individual perceives a particular stimulus through using more than one sensory pathway. It is evident that it tends to occur naturally and the synesthetes might not be aware that their experiences are unusual. It is important to note that synesthesia does not interfere with the normal day-to-day activities. Most of the individuals with this condition have reported that their experience is neutral or pleasant. Synesthesia just like the rest of the sensory difference like color blindness, it is a difference in the perceptual experience.
Currently, there exist various movement disorders among them including tremors, dystonia, and tics. Research has shown that all the movement disorders are often due to the genetic risk. These disorders can further be grouped into the following two categories: those that tend to result in much movement and those which lead to little movements. Parkinson's disease is a slowly progressive disorder which affects the movement, balance and even muscle control. Studies have shown that part of this disease process tends to develop as the cells are damaged in particular brain stem’s regions particularly in the substantia nigra. The cells found in this area releases vital neurotransmitters which help in the control of both movement and coordination (Krakauer & Shadmehr, (2006),
According to Krakauer & Shadmehr, (2006), neuroanatomical construction plays a significant function. The brain’s architecture helps to understand how various brain’s areas interact with other parts of the nervous system to affect the functional expression, emotion, and behavior. Despite the fact that most of the nervous systems are founded on the physiological, biological and even chemical fundamentals which researchers seem to concur with, the human brain’s effects together with its anatomical architecture on the behavior and function appear to be highly controversial. Irrespective of consensus revolving around areas like chemical, physiology and biology response, there is still a great contest revolving around genetics and functions of the nervous system in the development of human behavior.
In conclusion, the human brain has been shown to be dependent on the visual sensation; however, other senses also play a vital function in sensing and then responding to the internal and external environment. In a situation where an individual has to operate in an environment different from that which the brain was developed then performance would be decreased. The brain might further respond to the environmental stimulus via more than one sensory pathway as is the case with Synesthetes. Some advances have been made to stimulate brain areas to overcome various impairments. A repeated use of muscles in rehearsing and learning sensory-motor actions can also cause a type of memory which allows an individual to perform tasks automatically. Whether consciously or subconsciously, the brain continually senses and responds to the surrounding environment.
References
Gelstein, S., Yeshurun, Y., Rozenkrantz, L., Shushan, S., Frumin, I., Roth, Y., & Sobel, N. (2011). Human tears contain a chemosignal. Science , 331 (6014), 226-230.
Krakauer, J. W., & Shadmehr, R. (2006). Consolidation of motor memory. Trends in neurosciences , 29 (1), 58-64.
Robertson, L. C., & Sagiv, N. (Eds.). (2004). Synesthesia: Perspectives from cognitive neuroscience . Oxford University Press.
Shupak, A., Sharoni, Z., Yanir, Y., Keynan, Y., Alfie, Y., & Halpern, P. (2005). Underwater hearing and sound localization with and without an air interface. Otology & Neurotology , 26 (1), 127-130.
