Object-oriented analysis and design presents a popular technical approach to the analysis and design of applications, systems and businesses. Here, the object-oriented and visual models are used to review the project through its developmental cycles to ensure effective communication to the stakeholders and ensure the quality of the product in question. As a result, the process aims to produce incremental analysis such that business value and risks are considered at every point of project implementation. This paper considers a case scenario in which object-oriented analysis is used on an application (Nishadha, 2015) .
Background Information
The purpose of any analysis model is to ensure that the system’s functional requirements can be assessed independent of their constraints during implementation. The object-oriented analysis is different such that it organizes requirements around individual objects while consolidating both data and processes that exist in the real world. Other forms of analyses normally consider data and processes separately. In different case examples, data is normally presented in ER diagrams while behaviors are analyzed through flow charts. In doing an object-oriented analysis, primary tasks involved include finding the objects and organizing them, describing how objects interact with each other, describing the behavior of individual objects as well as their internals. Object models are normally used in making an efficient analysis using the object-oriented model. This paper considers a case analysis of the use of an ATM.
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ATM Use Case Analysis
Use-Case Specification: Withdraw Cash
This use case outlines the procedure used by a Bank Customer when withdrawing money from a bank account. The preconditions before withdrawing from the account include the following; the customer of the bank should have a bankcard. The connection of the network to the bank system should be active; the next precondition is that the Bank system should have money that can be dispensed the final precondition is that the service option on the cash withdrawal should be available.
The basic flow of events when it comes to cash withdrawal is as follows: The first event is the card insertion, this occurs when the actor (Bank customer) inserts his/her own bankcard into the ATM through the card reader. The bank system then directs an ATM session identifier to the bankcard inserted, this done to track all the errors that are between the system of the bank and the ATM. Once identified the errors are synchronized. The next event is the reading of the card. The bank system reads the card issued by the actor for the bankcard information. The next event is the process of authenticating the customer; this is done by performing a sub flow by using the software called the Authenticate Customer, which will authenticate the bankcard of the bank customer. The next event after the authentication is the withdrawal selection, this is done when the bank system displays the service options, and among these service options, one contains the function of withdrawing money. After selecting the withdrawal the next event is the selection of the amount, the bank system displays a list of the standard withdrawal amounts. The customer will select one of those displayed standard withdrawal amounts. The next event after the selection of the amount to be withdrawn is the confirmation of the amount that was selected. The bank system will perform a Sub flow that will evaluate the cash to be withdrawal and then it will perform a Sub flow that will conduct the withdrawal. The next step is the ejection of the card; the bank system removes the card from the system, which is taken by the customer. The next event is the dispensation of the money that was selected and confirmed to be withdrawn, the bank system dispenses the money withdrawn, the customer takes the money and finally the bank system takes down a transaction log entry for the purposes of recording the transaction.
The alternative flows of the withdrawal process include the following; the first alternative flow is the authentication of the customer. This flow handles the following issues when they arise, they are as follows; the handling of no communications with the bank of the customer, the next issue that this flow handles is the handling of all inactive cards and accounts. This flow also handles the issue of a stolen bankcard; the flow also handles invalid information of a bankcard. The next issue that the flow handles is when an incorrect PIN is entered into the bank system. The next alternative flow is the specialist withdrawal facilities, which handle all withdrawals that consist of amounts that are not standard. The next alternative flow deals with card handling that involves handling cards that have jammed. The final alternative flow deals with the issuing of receipts after the work has ended.
The post conditions after the withdrawal are as follows; The ATM has given back the ATM card and dispensed the money to the customer and after that, the withdrawal is then recorded into the customer’s account. The next post condition is that the ATM has given back the card to the customer and no withdrawal has occurred. The next post condition is that the ATM has remained with the card because no withdrawal has taken place nor has it been registered.
Use-case demonstrating an ATM withdrawal
Use-Case Specification: Account Deposit
The process is begun when a Customer who is authorized inserts his/her ATM card into the ATM machine and then he/she keys in the Personal Identification Number (PIN). The customer then chooses to deposit from the menu that is presented by the ATM. The customer chooses the deposit function after which the customer keys in the account in which he/she wants to deposit the money. The customer then deposits the money that is stated. The bank system then sends all the details of the customer to the bank that the account is from, the bank will either then confirm or not confirm the transaction. Once the transaction is confirmed, the ATM will then show the message indicating that the customer should deposit the money into the deposit slot. The ATM will then receive the deposit from the customer and then gives the customer a receipt, if the customer does not deposit the money stated within the specified time the procedure will time out and the process of depositing is aborted. If the transaction was disapproved by the bank, the bank system initiates a Failed Transaction Extension. However, if the disapproval was about a wrong PIN that was entered then the incorrect PIN extension is executed. The bank is then given notifications that indicate that the deposit transaction was completed.
Use-Case Specification: Account Transfer
The process begins when the customer puts his ATM card into the ATM machine and then keys in the PIN of the customer. The ATM machine runs a process called a RunBuilt in Test, which determines the functions of all the ATM systems. The results of the Run Built show all the transactions that can take place. After this process has been carried out, the ATM enquires the amount of money that the customer wants to transfer. The ATM then shows a menu of all the types of the account that the customer wants to transfer the funds from. The ATM then enquires from the customer, the account that the customer wants to transfer the money to, the ATM then ATM then asks the customer to key in the amount of money they are wishing to transfer. After this has happened, the customer is requested to type the amount that he/she is willing to transfer. The customer then waits as the ATM conducts the transfer legitimately. After the transfer, the ATM then issues a receipt indicating the entire amount that has been transferred and the system then updates the balance correctly in the transaction log.
Use-case demonstrating transfer
Ethical issues arising from the usage of an ATM
The main ethical issue arising from the usage of an ATM by a customer is security (10 Ethical Issues raised by IT capabilities, 2006) . In the current society through the internet, there have arisen hackers who can easily hack into any computer or in this case the bank system as long as it is connected to the internet. The bank system uses the internet to connect the ATMs to the banks enabling the customers of the bank to access the money in their accounts. The transfer of money can be interrupted very easily and the money being in the accounts is transferred into the hacker’s accounts. This is why there is a need for a Personal Identification Number, which prevents any other individuals from bypassing the bank system (Ramey, 2012) .
Conclusion
The use case analysis for the ATM machine presents basic functions that the machine offers. In this paper, a discussion of the functions such as start-up and shut-down has been done. Additionally, transactions have been considered as well as the session use-case. The proper functioning of an ATM considers the combination of these functions.
References
10 Ethical Issues raised by IT capabilities . (2006, July 6). Retrieved May 18, 2017, from TechRepublic: http://www.techrepublic.com/article/10-ethical-issues-raised-by-it-capabilities/
Nishadha. (2015, February 17). Use Case Diagram Relationships Explained with Examples . Retrieved May 17, 2017, from Creately: http://creately.com/blog/diagrams/use-case-diagram-relationships/
Ramey, K. (2012, November 5). 5 Ethical Challenges of Information Technology . Retrieved 18 5, 2017, from Use of Techology: http://www.useoftechnology.com/5-ethical-challenges-information-technology/
