Question 1
Neutral stimulus (NS) is objects within the contexts that should naturally have no impact (Myers, . 2004). In this case it would be the test subject which should have no reactive impact on an individual.
Unconditioned stimulus (US) is a stimulus creating a natural response of anxiety (Myers, 2004); such would involve the test process.
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The Unconditioned response is a natural reaction expected of a particular stimulus (Myers, 2004). Such would involve the feeling of panic or uneasiness working on the test.
Conditioned stimulus will involve an orienting stimulus that was otherwise neutral but triggers a reaction due to its relation to the actual stimulus (Myers, 2004) For instance the room, a certain official overseeing the test or the test content that promotes anxiety feelings.
The conditioned response would thus be anxiety that kicks in every time an individual encounters the conditioned stimulus.
Question 2
Neutral stimulus (NS) in this case would be the red nails.
Unconditioned Stimulus (US) would be the unpleasant noise
The Unconditioned Response (UR) is the cringing effect when you hear such a sound.
The Conditioned Stimulus (CS) is the red nails that trigger the cringing effect
The Conditioned Response (CR) is the feeling of cringing every time the red nails are introduced.
Question 3
The neutral stimulus (NS) is the house
Unconditioned Stimulus (US) in the case is the food
Unconditioned response (UR) involves the symptoms such as feelings of nausea.
Conditioned stimulus (CS) is the nausea emerging on sight of the house due to its association with the food.
The conditioned response (CR) is the nausea feeling from food poisoning.
Question 4
Operant conditioning was a movement that suggested learning to involve associating two events in contexts of action and outcome. In a classroom situation, the best approach to learning would involve varied responses with frequent positive feedback/reinforcements when the tasks are seemingly new then reducing the rewards as the learner gets used to the task until only exceptional results are counted acceptable (Myers, 2004). Some positive reinforces may include praise from an instructor or gifting oneself a holiday from intensive academic tasks. Negative reinforces may include reprimanding the learner or taking extra work for the subject in focus. Punishment may include having to withdraw certain comforts associated with the learning activities.
Question 5
According to Myers, (2004), children are quite perceptive of reinforcement of behavior. Tantrums are usually possible extinction bursts to the reinforced behavior. Extinction bursts are usually temporary heightening of a certain behavior in search of a desired feedback. Extinction of the behavior occurs when the individual is tired and frustrated understanding that such a behavior does not yield desired outcomes (Myers, 2004)When handling a child throwing tantrums the best option is usually to change the route of feedback so that the child understands that you are in control and that would calm down the extinction burst in the child’s behavior.
Reference
Myers, D. G. (2004). Exploring psychology . Macmillan.
