A human being is made up of cells that contain 23 pairs of chromosomes that are made of DNA. The DNA of a person tells so much about them. Genetic testing recognizes the changes in chromosomes of an individual. Genetic test results affirm or preclude a presumed hereditary condition or decide an individual's opportunity of developing a hereditary issue. Transformations that are hurtful may build a man's possibility or danger of building up a malady, for example, tumor. More than 1000 hereditary tests are as of now being used, and more are being created.
Armstrong, K. (2012). Can genomics bend the cost curve? The Journal of the American Medical Association, 307 (10), 1031-1032.
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This journal audits the present information on how genomic testing is influencing the cost of human services. Armstrong states that the investment funds might counterbalance the adjustment of how hereditary testing expenses are connected with new advances in future treatment cost of hospital services. She describes the total cost of genomic advances that has been estimated at more than $700 million annually. Expensive treatments like chemotherapy in cancer have the potential to save $ 400 million each year. Since genetic testing is considered more economically viable than other medical treatments, it is beneficial to invest in genetic testing. This article supports the proposal in that funding toward better systems of genetic testing would benefit the health care system globally.
American Nursing Association (ANA). (2016). Personalized medicine . Nursingworld.org . Retrieved from http://www.nursingworld.org/genetics.
Whole genome sequencing has increased globally in the hospital setting due to the dramatic decline of sequencing prices. This article published in American Nursing Association is therefore relevant and reliable. Of the main caveats to whole genome sequencing is the lack of information present on variants. Many payers focus on this fact and make the point that it is not worth covering a test that will have results that are inaccurate. This article focuses on the importance of dealing with mutations whose significance has been clinically demonstrated and using those criteria to determine coverage. It also presents a possible way to present results that give better information on variants.
Congress.gov. (2016). S.976 - 110th Congress (2007-2008): Genomics and Personalized Medicine Act of 2007 . Retrieved from https://www.congress.gov/bill/110th-congress/senate-bill/976.
This website presents an examination of the challenges faced by implemented personalized medicine into the clinic. As research on biomarkers and gene significance continues to flourish, incentives for applications in clinical use are becoming more relevant than ever. More data is thus needed to determine payer coverage of these tests.
Haga, S. B., Barry, W. T., Mills, R., Ginsburg, G. S., Svetkey, L., Sullivan, J., et al. (2013). Public knowledge of and attitudes toward genetics and genetic testing. Genetic Testing and Molecular Biomarkers, 17 (4), 1-9.
This study by Haga, et al. looked at the public’s knowledge of genetics in both a scientific and ethical sense as well as public perceptions of genetic testing. It was a large scale survey based analysis conducted by a research team at Duke University assessing 280 individuals from the general public.65% agreed that they would worry about the consequences of DNA testing affecting health insurance. This study demonstrates a need for further education of the public of their rights related to generic test results and how insurance factors into genetic testing supporting the proposal for increased funding to generic testing resources.
Richards, M. (1998). Annotation: Genetic research, family life, and clinical practice. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry & Allied Disciplines, 39 (3), 291.
This article by Richards (1998) details the current pros and cons of genome sequencing including a discussion on overall cost and why insurance companies are currently not covering whole genome sequencing. The article describes how generic testing can be incredibly beneficial and medically relevant. However, there are still many gene variants whose significance is yet to be identified. This article emphasizes that the grant proposal is not the steep cost of generic tests that is holding progress back but the uncertainty of the clinical knowledge gained from the test. Increased funding of genetic testing would increase the data available to assess the meaning of genetic variants.
Huddleston, K., (December 23, 2013). Ethics: The challenge of ethical, legal, and social implications (ELSI) in genomic nursing. The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing 19(1), n.p.
The article tries to clarify the mechanic of genes and gene treatment as well as introduce an adjusted perspective of the moral inquiries brought by advances up in genetic innovation. This author examines and explores genetic science, genes roles in ailment and the historical backdrop of quality treatment. They then investigate the sorts of quality treatment in use and also examine future utilizations of gene repair and substitution innovation.
NIH. (2016). Regulation of genetic tests . National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) . Retrieved from https://www.genome.gov/10002335/regulation-of-genetic-tests/.
On this webpage, it explains what gene testing is, what it’s used for and the pros and cons of using gene testing. It also explains which diseases have tests available as well as information about whether or not these tests are regulated. The relevancy of this article is basically the fact that it explains thoroughly what gene testing is to those who are unsure.
Huston, C., (May 31, 2013). The impact of emerging technology on nursing care: Warp speed ahead. OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing 18 (2), Manuscript 1.
This article touches on the fact that genetic testing has become cheaper and faster. Guardians are hoping to totally keep their kids from having an ailment in the end. It also speaks of the fact that the parents will handpick every individual's traits. This article also talks about genetic testing future science and how it might become possible.
Halsey L. D. (2016). Genetic and genomic healthcare: Ethical issues of importance to nurses. Nursingworld.org . Retrieved from http://www.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/.
This article presents hereditary and genomic social insurance exercises including moral issues of significance to medical caretakers. It shows a review of present and rising moral issues, and the methodologies medical caretakers can use to coordinate far reaching and current learning in genetic testing. New genomic disclosures and their applications bring awesome approach after a more customized way to deal with treating infection.
Badzek, L., Turner, M., & Jenkins, J., (January 31, 2008) Genomics and Nursing Practice: Advancing the Nursing Profession. OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 13 (1), Manuscript 1.
This journal shows a review of the significant advance made in sequencing the human genome as well as the advance that has given a chance to the extraordinary advances that are observed in the health care today. It additionally depicts how different expert social insurance gatherings and affiliations are cooperating to upgrade medical caretakers’ comprehension of this genomic upheaval.
In conclusion, genetic testing is voluntary. The tests have benefits, limitations and risks; therefore, the decision on whether to be tested should be personal.
