1a. Bleeding or hemorrhage describes the escape of blood from the general circulation through ruptured blood vessels due to injury.
b. In Medicine, a fracture is a term used to describe either complete or partial discontinuation of the bone structure due to factors such as physical trauma.
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c. Proximal, opposite of distal, describes a location closer to the point where the bone joins to the torso.
d. A long bone’s diaphysis refers to the stem, length or shaft in the central section of the bone.
2. The humerus falls with the long-bones category. The occipital bone is an example of flat bones, whereas L3 falls under the irregular class of bones.
3. Cancellous bone tissue and hyaline cartilage from the body of vertebral bones. The structure of each vertebral body varies although they all consist of the centrum (anterior central portion) and a neural arch on the body’s posterior. The vertebral body provides support for the musculoskeletal system.
4. The diaphysis structure consists of a dense/compact cortical bone covered by peritoneum. The peritoneum covers the bone outer part; the outer layer comprises of dense bone, while the inner layer contains cancerous bone. Bone marrow is contained in the medulla cavity of the bone.
5. The medulla cavity with the diaphysis of the humerus houses blood capillaries and lymphatic vessels. Hemorrhage is a sign that Mrs. Morgan’s humerus medulla was disrupted. Since the medulla contains blood vessels, disruption of the medulla can cause blood vessel rupture and bleeding/hemorrhage.
6. In “soft callus” of fibrocartilage, collagen fibres are formed during bone repair and healing. Chondroblasts and fibroblasts develop a fibrocartilaginous callus. Chondroblasts form chondrocytes which give rise to cartilage while fibroblasts facilitate the formation of fibrocartilage.
7. Endochondral ossification describes a mediated and regulated process by which new bone tissue develops at the bone fracture site. Osteoblasts facilitate and regulate the process. These cells form an organic array of collagen fibres at the bone fracture site. Mineralization subsequently promotes complete bone formation, and bone is remodelled.
8. Bone resorption refers to the regulated and mediated breakdown of osseous tissue. Osteoclasts are specialized for bone resorption.
9. Collagen fibres form the organic section while the inorganic part consists of mineral salts such as magnesium, calcium, and phosphorous. Osteoclasts secrete procathepsin L and proton, which are released in the extracellular lacunae to initiate the breakdown of extracellular matrix and release of minerals.
