First article
Author’s investigation
The US constitution has by far given the press the mandate and right of expressing in the society to unmask the evil and spotlight the community by a marginal gap. Additionally, the constitution mandates and highly expects the press to abide by the laid down regulations by far minimal gap. However, there has been an entirely significant ailing conflict in the issue of freedom of the press as it is stated in the First Amendment rights of the US constitution. Even though the constitution has to protect and offer equal rights and opportunity to the local citizens, it has been one of the primary sources of controversy to rights of freedom and expression. In this manner, the rights of the press are to act without any favor or biases to repot the ailing matter to the society without any reliance or reluctance. In this manner, the rights of a criminal are by fare oppressed or not adhere to when informing the public about the impartial jury of the matter. Furthermore, this interferes with the fair trial of the criminal as the heat of the mass audience make a follow up of the daily issue, which in this case may significantly influence or determine the punishment to criminal.
State the problem and the purpose
The main issue of any pretrial publicity highly depends and focusses on the social status that an individual has and the relationship with the community. As stipulated by Ruva, et al., (2011 ), positive pretrial may only vary due to the social condition that an individual has. In this manner, a celebrity is more likely to have positive pretrial publicity (PTP). Unlike on the other hand, most of the pretrial publicity is always an idea characterized by a lot of negative ailing issues despite the magnitude of the problem arising.
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The researcher’s hypothesis
Through this, only a hand full of the individuals have yielded to a P-PTP on the decisions made and enforced on the Juror. Furthermore, the ailing issue is spearheaded by the point of publicity in the community that determined the nature of the pretrial publicity.
Who are the participants used by the investigator for study?
The local community is by far the best target in this study that determines the publicity of an individual. Where the researcher found that the individuals in the prod fence condition need even humongous evidence to support and convince the defendant
How were the participants selected?
The task was conducted with a participation of 201 students with 148 women and 53 men, with age composition of 18-41 years, the racial makeup was dominant with whites occupying 70%, 11% African American, 13% Hispanic ( Ruva, et al., 2011 ). The results composed of 68 P-PTP, 69 participants in N-PTP and 64 filled the non-exposed condition.
The Independent Variables and the Dependent variables
In this case, P-PTP is an IV, while N-PTP is a dependent variable.
How was the Independent Variable manipulated?
The social status of an individual manipulates the IV
Measurement of Dependent Variable
The DV was measured from the results obtained due to high N-PTP
What are the results of the study?
The individuals who participated in the PTP, most of them highly clinged on the P-PTP due to the popularity of the defendant, while the second position occupied by the N-PTP.
Problems cited by the study
In this case, the problem highly emanated from the high number of the individuals who were not highly aware of the pretrial publicity that contributed to an increased survey.
Second article
What was the investigation
The study in this case highly focuses on exploring how jury deliberation affects the memory as well as different impressions of liberal attorneys and the defendant. In this case, a group of the students are exposed to unrelated criminal to conduct the test a week before they view a trial, criminal mock-jurors, which after two days, the groups came in together for decision basing on their different pretrial publicity
State the problem and the purpose
The primary purpose was to determine the various PTP decisions held by different groups of individuals.
The epidemiology
The study highly incorporated and included the research of the different perception held in judging the crimes by a more extensive magnitude.
Hypothesis
In this case, there was a high expectation of the PTP to have a high individual mock-jurors’. In a nutshell, there is a higher probability of the jurors’ individuals to vote guilty that may result in higher rating to the non-participants’ jurors.
Participants for the study and how they were selected
The study entailed a total of 320 university students, who were recruited for participation through an online means. Furthermore, the selection was enrolled from first-year students to the senior level, of the psychology level ( Ruva and Guenther 2015 ). The participants comprised of 223 female representatives ranging in age between 18 to 51 years,97 males, with proper observation of the racial distribution to the contributors.
What were the Independent variable and the dependent variable?
Deliberating vs. nominal.
How was the IV manipulated?
During the first experiment Jury group was assigned to the PTP circumstances, where they attended all the experiment.
How was DV measured?
The results of the dependent variable highly relied on the number of a completed experiment that was conducted in the deliberating section.
What were the results of the study?
At the first stage, all the juror was assigned to the either nominal or the deliberating condition through a randomized selection. Additionally, after this, the groups were placed in two separate rooms concerning their groups. The Nominal group worked to complete their tasks. Whereas the deliberating group only made debating issues regarding the defending the guilt ( Ruva and Guenther 2015 ). There were a total of 60 mock-jury groups, which significantly resulted in 15 mocks-juries per every condition contributed. Most of the (n_27) profoundly constituted of the five jurors, while the remaining three jurors constituted of the 4. In this experiment, only 75 mock-jurors were exposed to the N-PTP while 72 failed to be exposed to the PTP. On the other hand, “the deliberating jury which comprised 5(n_7) to 6(n_23) mock jurors ( Ruva and Guenther 2015 ).”
Problem cited in the study
There were a couple of experiments that were not significantly conducted to later, which profoundly contributed to the deviation in the dependent variable since it highly depends on the independent variable.
Third article
Author’s investigation
The primary purpose of the study was conducted to determine whether there is a need for cognition and negative pretrial publicity (N-PTP) have a significant impact on mock-jurors’ deliberation behaviors and decisions made.
The problem
The decision resolved about a person’s guilt is highly determined by the evidence created and obtained by the jurors during the process are a significant determinant to get into the bottom and root of the problem by a marginal gap. According to Ruva, (2016 ), the information that is basically used during the trial can be highly altered by the information provided before the trial session.
The epidemiology
In this case, the researcher had a slight suggestion that NC can be used to bring in the moderation of the PTP. On the other hand, the question lingering in our minds is on how the behaviors of the juror verdicts. Through this, the researcher suggests that during the deliberation NC jurors should be more active.
Researcher’s hypothesis
Through this research, the author has a couple of hypotheses to make throughout the conducted study. With consideration of the previously conducted theory and researchers, a couple of hypotheses slightly pop out for review. The probability of the higher guilt from the jurors who have been exposed to the N-PTP is much higher than their core members who are not exposed to the PTP.
The participants and how they were selected
The research conducted was of 169 students from the university, where the highest number was occupied by the female (118 females 51 male). Additionally, their age bracket ran from 18 to 51 years. Furthermore, the participants were rewarded with an extra course for their participation in the event.
The independent Variable and the Dependent variables
The participants were subjected to completion of the 18-teams needed as the independent variable, while on the other side, the news article was the dependent variable.
How was the Independent variable manipulated?
The independent variable consisted of a Need for Cognition scale which comprised of the 13 units that were to be solved.
How was the dependent variable measured?
The dependent variable was measured by the accuracy and progress of the independent variable results, which were acquired from the Need for Cognition scale.
What were the results of the study?
The resultant for the alpha level was set approximately at 0.5, with a slight jury verdict and the predeliberation that were keenly observed with “2 (PTP: N-PTP or non-exposed) x 2 (NC: high or low) ( Ruva, 2016 ).”
References
Ruva, C. L. (2016). The impact of pretrial publicity and need for cognition on mock-jurors’ decisions and deliberation behavior. International Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences , 6 (1), 20-31.
Ruva, C. L., & Guenther, C. C. (2015). From the shadows into the light: How pretrial publicity and deliberation affect mock jurors’ decisions, impressions, and memory. Law and human behavior , 39 (3), 294.
Ruva, C. L., Guenther, C. C., & Yarbrough, A. (2011). Positive and negative pretrial publicity: The roles of impression formation, emotion, and predecisional distortion. Criminal Justice and Behavior , 38 (5), 511-534.
