Question One
According to Hague, Harrop, and Breslin, the bureaucracy is the institution that carries out the state's functions and responsibilities independently from the elected officials. It is classified into three models: rational administrative, which is operated by the rational administrative machine to achieve Weber's ideal type of rationality; the power bloc, where powerful corporations in advanced capitalism take charge of the political and economic power of a state; and the bureaucratic over-supply, which focus on the interests of the bureaucrats themselves.
Question Two
A merit system hires government performers depending on their capabilities to handle the set task without considering their political connections. It is important to have the system in place since it ensures fair competition, open recruitment, and employment practices free from non-merit factors. It helps distribute government jobs to people who can perform it best, offering the most appropriate governance.
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Question Three
The Civil Service Reform Act (CSRA) of 1978 incorporated the merit system into the law as a national policy to provide a competent, true, and productive workforce to the United States citizens. Moreover, the system aimed at offering improved quality of public service to the nation. Besides, the merit system principles helped to implement the federal management personnel. The management process's performance is majorly planning, monitoring, developing, appraising, and rewarding federal activities.
Question Four
The New Public Management Approach (NPMA) is a government mechanism to run public service organizations to ensure proper services to the government and the public institutions and agencies. The approach has three core themes; (1) performance-motivated inclusion of managerial doctrines, (2) international dialogue and the comparative dimension of administrative designs and reforms, and (3) integration of economic, psychological, sociological, heuristic studies, and other advanced conceptual models for the operation of public institutions.
