The concept of C3 systems implies three domains of system operations namely the command, control, and communication within a wide assortment of technologies. The concept of C3 is best understood in the operational dimension of a motor vehicle. This paper, therefore, will analyze the application of radio frequency wave in the communication systems design for unmanned aerial vehicles. Unmanned aerial vehicles are also commonly referred to as drones or remotely controlled aircraft . For a drone to be remotely piloted , it must be capable of responding to radio wave frequencies wirelessly. Radio frequency waves occur in the invisible wave system on an electromagnetic field and are measured in hertz (Hz) ( Parker et al., 2018) . However, for the radio frequencies to work, a transmitter is necessary to convey messages and a receiver to receive transmission signals. This is basically how remote piloting of unmanned systems like drones in this case is accomplished which all depends on tuning the transmitter and the receiver to the same radio frequency.
Conversely, to avoid hijack of system control by unauthorized personnel, the unmanned devices use unique identification code to determine transmission on a certain radio frequency as the transmission it is supposed to receive. To achieve this , the radio wave transmitters and receivers are paired with a radio frequency identification to ensure secure connectivity. In the application of radio frequency waves, lower frequencies tend to have a much larger range at lower influence as compared to higher frequency devices. The control of drones is suitably done using lower radio frequency waves because they can penetrate dense objects. However, the lower frequencies require receivers with larger antennas to effectively receive the low frequencies. Generally, there are two basic types of radio frequencies used in drones which are the 2.4 GHz and the 5.8 GHz ( Parker et al., 2018) .
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The 2.4 GHz radio frequency is common when dealing with FPV Quadcopter drones to connect a ground transmitter to a drone. This is the same radio frequency that wireless computers operate on . The application of this radio frequency is, however, anticipatable to likely loose connectivity within areas of with many wireless signals or even an area of dense housing. An additional challenge that is related to quadcopter drones using this radio frequency if their interference with their onboard systems basically because of the two transmitters used for transmission of radio pilot signals to the drone and the one for transferring the signals back to the remote control system ( Parker et al., 2018) . The other type of radio frequency which is the 5.8 GHz also used in drone systems to avoid entrapping of frequencies in the same spectrum. This type of radio frequency is commonly used in DJI Phantom models.
Summarily, it is important to note that these radio frequencies are all regarded Lines of Sights implying that they are not likely to function in case of a barrier between the transmitters. Radio frequency waves, therefore, form up an essential component of operation of unmanned aircraft systems like drones by providing connectivity links between the unmanned system vehicle and the remote piloting crew on the ground. Radio frequency waves provide the integration of detection and countermeasures against unmanned systems like drones by the connectivity of a detecting part, the area determining component and an interdiction component. The detecting component detects an aerial vehicle like a drone in space and connects it to the remote pilot on the ground whereas the location determining factor determines the precise location of an unmanned system. In this way ensuring the command, control, and communication remotely with the drone.
Reference
Parker, D. A., Stern, D. E., & Pierce, L. S. (2018). U.S. Patent No. 9,977,117 . Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
