Question One
Ways the New Vision and the New Approach to Defence in SSE Position the Department Of National Defence and the CAF to Respond To the Evolving Security Environment
The new Strong, Secure, Engaged policy focuses on Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) and the Department of Defence which are the main bodies handling major security issues in the country (Shadwick, 2017). The Canadian defense systems discovered that it is impossible to achieve their defense needs without effective policies and a team of dedicated, highly skilled, and motivated military personnel who are willing to work day and night. The main goal of the Canadian Armed Force (CAF) is to ensure their territories are safeguarded appropriately and ensure the values and interest of Canadians are properly represented abroad(Edmunds, 2016). Over the last few years, the Canadian Armed Forces and the Department of National Defence have been facing major challenges relating to evolving security environment. However, the Strong, Secure, Engaged policy has offered a new vision and a new approach to help the two defense forces respond to the evolving security environments within the country and abroad. Some of the ways the policy offers appropriate guidance on the response from these forces as represented below:
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Firstly, the policy was highly informed by the opportunities and the threats that are visible around the world, hence it offers the Canadian Armed Forces an opportunity to play an important role in ensuring there is a secure and peaceful world (CAF, 2017). According to the policy, the Canadian government can actively address the various threats abroad which may result into the insecure world, through support and deployment of Canadian Armed Forces, with the primary purpose being to defend Canadian interests. For example, the current security threats because of terrorism escalated due to failure to consider the issue as a global issue; hence terrorists had adequate time to spread all over the world (Arbuthnot, 2014). The policy offers the Canadian government an opportunity to make certain there is secure environment out of the country so that they can achieve stability at home. Due to the changing nature of conflicts and shifting the power balance in different parts of the world, the policy offers a proper guideline in ways the Canadian forces can contribute and ensure the external threats do not undermine the traditional security of the Canadian people (Government, 2017). Also, the policy believes that Canada has to participate in the improvement of the global security environment, as a way of ensuring the threats do not affect its citizens.
The new vision and new approach presented on the new Strong, Secure, engaged policy help CAF and Department of National Defence to respond to the evolving security environment by ensuring all the soldiers serving in various defense groups are well educated, diverse, flexible, and combat-ready personnel’s (Shadwick, 2017). For example, the evolution of technology has resulted in major security threats inside Canada and abroad. Therefore, for the Canadian defense forces to be able to address threats such as cybercrime and highly sophisticated technological weapons being developed today, they must be competent enough. This has been made clear in the Strong, Secure, Engaged policy where they need to have high levels of education be diverse.
Lastly, the new vision and new approach in the Strong, Secure, Engaged policy are to ensure there is an increase in the number of Reserve forces from 15, 000 to 30, 000. Through the policy, Reserve Forces will be granted opportunity to achieve a full-time capacity by offering part-time service, hence making it a more effective force when responding to the evolving security environment (Shadwick, 2017). For example, the policy offers the Canadian Military Forces opportunity to create a model which is more agile to support the Reserve Force transition from the full-time and part-time service hence meeting the needs of all the participants and their institutions (Government, 2017).
A Threat or a Challenge Faced by Canada in Today’s Evolving Security Environment
The CAF main mandate is to ensure proper coordination with other provincial and federal departments, while CAF is responsible for controlling, commanding and administering the force to help in carrying missions as described in the 2008 Canada First Defence Strategy(Government, 2017). However, regardless of the clear definition of responsibilities, CAF is facing major challenges in today’s evolving security environment. In the last few years, Canadian Armed Forces including the Reserve Forces and Regular Forces have been facing shortage in the appropriate number of their trained personnel who have requisite skills with most affected functions including the Royal Canadian Air Force, Royal Canadian Navy, and the Canadian Army which are some of the most essential elements of the National Defence(Shadwick, 2017). The evolving security environment is resulting in increased threats hence, lack of appropriate numbers in these forces has been contributing to ineffectiveness in their mission. For example, the evolving security environment has resulted in different nature of attacks, where air force has to deal with threats resulting from the use of drowns which are being developed (Lackenbauer, 2014). Therefore, they require an additional number of personnel trained in dealing with threats relating to drowns.
There are forces which are more preferred by the recruits including the Royal Canadian Air Force and Royal Canadian Navy, which are recruiting more than they should. These forces have failed to adhere to recruitment targets and plan to leave other forces such as Regular Forces with the major shortage. The shortage has contributed significantly to the current lack of capacity to accomplish their mission asset under Canada First Defence Strategy of 2008. For example, whenever the Regular Force is understaffed with less than 90%, it tends to be more stressed. According to a report by CAF (2017), the Regular Forces failed to meet its target of about 68, 000 members in 2011-2012 fiscal year.
An Initiative, Investment, or Capability That Will Help Address This Threat or Challenge
The Canadian defense requires thousands of recruits every year and due to the ideal of an appropriate number of recruits the forces capability and readiness in dealing with the various conflicts. According to a study conducted by Nolan (2014), the number of Regular Force members has been decreasing in the last few years, resulting to growth in the gap between the needed number of members and the number of members who are fully trained to offer the services. Therefore, there is a need to start an imitative where Canadian youths will be encouraged or motivated to join this force s that they can fill the gap help the forces address the security threats emerging because of evolving security environment. Also, relating to the issue of lack of adequate members of the Canadian Armed Forces, diversity has created major challenges where according to the goals in 2008. Canadian Armed Forces are expected to have 25% representation of women as a way of increasing the needed member (Hellman, 2015). However, the strategy did not set specific targets on members’ occupation, hence Regular Forces have been affected adversely. Therefore, the National Defence needs to establish effective measures and strategies to drive a higher number of women into the countries defense especially the Regular Forces which are experiencing the shortage.
Question Two
Background: CAF Domestic Core Missions (300 words) Operation LENTUS : Is an operation by CAF where the forces are involved in rescue mission due to disasters caused by ice storms, floods, and fires. Operation INVICTUS: This is one of the core domestic missions by the CAF, where the troops are engaged in different events including games, to help them in encouraging, supporting, cheering, and celebrating the impact of sports on the people’s health and the family members who are wounded during the conflicts taking place in different parts of the world (DHH, 2018). The Canadian Search and Rescue Mission: CAF has been working with other organizations in providing search and rescue missions, and this has been taking place since 1975 (CAF, 2017). Operation ELEMENT: under this operation, the CAF support the various operations by the Canadian Border Agencies. During the Operation LENTUS , CAF troops have contributed to reduced losses whenever the country is experiencing natural disasters. CAF has better equipment, technology, and skilled personnel is who is able to deal better with situations taking place in evolving security environments. Also, the Royal Airforce section has better technologies to view the ground from the air , hence making it easy to identify human beings and animals that may require assistance. In 2017, more than 300 Canadian Armed Forces members participated in Invictus games, with the members participating in ceremonial, medical and logistical support, military equipment and band display and communication functions (DHH, 2018). The CAF Search and Rescue missions are based on teamwork and corporation between the Canadian Royal Air Force, provincial rescue teams, civic organizations and volunteers among numerous police departments. From August 2017, CAF has been participating in Operation ELEMENT where it has been helping the government respond to the influx of refugees and asylum seekers crossing into their border and part on the United States border (Government, 2017) . During this mission, about 400 CAF troops were deployed in St. Bernard-de-Lacolle among other areas. |
Considerations: Key Trends (350 words) Externally, Canada has been facing major complexities, uncertainties and fluid security environment due to a multi-faceted set of challenges and threats both unconventional and traditional. Canada Armed Force needs to deal with the rising international interests taking place in the Arctic, where it is presenting major challenges to the country due to changes in the environment and rising accessibility the northern waterways. Instability abroad is increasingly threatening the Canadian security where threats of terrorism as rising in the Northern American soil, hence demanding more cooperation strategies from CAF and U.S military to ensure the threats are addressed before reaches the Canadian shores (Lackenbauer, 2014) . The growing technology is creating major threats to the Canadian threats, with crime shifting to online platforms due to increasing number of mobile gadgets and other technological innovation which are enhancing the capability to plan for criminal and terror activities. Currently, the conditions in the Middle East and Eastern Europe are of significant interest to Canada defence, hence creating a need to amend the defence policy so that the country can be able to address some of the challenges before they reach the shores and also to help seize the opportunities which will play a key role in achieving strategic effect for Canada (Lackenbauer, 2014) . The Royal Naval forces need to be equipped appropriately so that they can be able to protect the country from any threats which may result from the rising accessibility of the northern waterways, where increasing activities may be used as weakness by enemies. Syrian, Yemen and other nations are experiencing major instabilities resulted to asylum seekers who are unregistered moving to neighboring states (Ostler, 2016). Therefore, there is a need for CAF to address find ways they can address the terror threats resulting from asylum seekers from these countries to avoid terror attacks in the Canadian soil as it has happened in several cities in the last few years. Due to increasing treats relating to technology, it is important for the Canadian Department of National Security to come up with new strategies to protect the country against the rising cases of cybercrime among others. |
Key Elements: Five Current CAF Domestic Operations (350 words) NORAD Missions: The North American Aerospace Defense is one of the largest operations currently being undertaken by the CAF with collaboration with the United States military where they conduct aerospace warnings and Maritimes warning in efforts of protecting North America. Operation BOXTOP: The operation is carried specifically by CAF where they are supposed to supply food and other supplies to their force stations located in the northeast tip of Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, just 817 km from the North Pole (CAF, 2017). Operation DRIFTNET is taking place currently, where the CAF is working towards supporting the fisheries and Oceans Canada departments in the process of enforcing the global moratorium regardless of high seas driftnet fishing Operation NUNAKPUT is a continuous mission meant to contribute to the whole government exercise with the primary aim of the operations being to aid the government in law enforcement especially in the northern part of Canada. Operation SABOT is a joint effort between the CAF and Canadian police to ensure success in the current marijuana eradication program in different parts of the country. Through the North American Aerospace Defense (NORAD), Canada and United States has been able to contain drugs flowing illegally into North America, which will get to Canada directly due to the large area shared by the two countries (Ostler, 2016). The mission is one of the most important operations undertaken by CAF where it helps the CAF Alert station stay operational. In the last supply, Royal Canadian Airforce used over 28 flights to supply over half million liters of fuel, where the operations were being undertaken day and night. Operation DRIFTNET has managed to demonstrate CAF concern on combating any fishing activities which may have an adverse effect on the population of sea creatures. The rising rates of crime demand all government agencies to contribute to law enforcement, with CAF contribution being mostly on communication, logistics among others. In the Operation SABOT, the Royal Canadian Airforce assist the Canadian police in looking for grown marijuana from the air , because the growth of illegal marijuana is strengthening organized crimes because the profit from marijuana is used to fund these groups (Government, 2017). |
Question Three
Background: Operation Impact (300 words) Operation LENTUS : Canada and other European countries experience major losses in life whenever there are the incidences of fire, ice storms, and floods. Operation INVICTUS: the operation involves the CAF troops engaging in various games, to help promote the importance of games on the community members and different groups. Operation ELEMENT: the operation is supposed to help the Canadian Border agencies protect the border (DHH, 2018) . The Search and Rescue missions: due to the urgency of need whenever there are incidences including missing planes, floods, and other disasters, the CAF has been playing a significant role. CAF involvement in the mission has contributed significantly to the reduction in losses of properties and lives because of natural disasters. For example, in 2017, CAF troops were involved in surveyed over 1, 100 kilometers of road, and visited over 5, 000 homes delivering water pallets and over 34 truckloads of firewood (Government, 2017). The participation by these troops contributed significantly to the decreased loss of life during this disaster which is known for resulting in deaths and major destruction of properties. In 2017, the troops were engaged in spring games, where they were responsible for all communication activities, offered medical and logistical support among other functions. At the end of the games, they managed to encourage a number of youths the importance of military and sports in the nation. During the 2017 Syrian asylum seekers crisis, CAF was involved in setting temporary accommodation, as a way of managing the number of immigrants which was getting out of hand. Due to their efforts, Canada managed to contain the situation faster than any other country, and regulate illegal immigrant from entering the country (Shadwick, 2017) . Through their risk assessment teams, CAF has managed to contain numerous disasters from happening in different provinces and participating in a rescue mission in collaboration with other departments. |
Key Elements: Canadian Armed Forces Mission and Contribution Operation FORGE Operation KINETIC Canadian Armed Forces operations in Afghanistan Operation RENAISSANCE 15-1 Operation FORGE is a rapid-response contingency mission, which was targeting the municipal and provincial authorities in northwest Ontario in evacuating their residents during fire incidences. Ontario is one of the regions in Canada where major cases of fire take place due to thick forest cover. During the July 2011, fire incidence in this region, CAF managed to rescue over 3, 000 residents from homes which were highly threatened by the fire. After the incidence, the Ontario authority recognized the CAF efforts, for helping people escape without losses of life and important properties, as it was the case before. Operation KINETIC is one of the operations where the Canadian made history in the entire world for their cooperation with the NATO troops in peacekeeping missions in Kosovo, resulting in ending of the war in the Republic of Macedonia (Goldenberg, 2016). The events which took place between June 1999-June 2000 resulted in major bombings conducted by the Royal Canadian Airforce, hence creating a secure environment where the displaced people would return. Also, CAF contributed to the provision of major humanitarian assistance in the region, including roofing materials, reconstruction of school and hospitals, among others. Canadian Armed Forces operations in Afghanistan are one of the greatest achievements of CAF in the fight against terrorism. The mission which was conducted to end the Taliban and Al-Qaida activities in the world was headed by the United States government, and major support from the Canadian Armed Forces. The mission was started after the attack of United States on 11 September 2011, where thousands of people were killed, and properties worth billions of dollars were destroyed (CAF, 2017). Canadian Armed Force support to the United States troops during the operation in Afghanistan played an important role in strengthening the relationship between the defense forces of the two sovereign countries, which has seen the two countries continue working together since then. Operation RENAISSANCE 15-1 started on 26 April-29 May 2015. The operation involved over 300 Canadian Armed Forces, where they were reacting to the humanitarian crisis in Nepal (CAF, 2017). The forces managed to offer a huge amount of assistance in the form of food, water, shelter and other hence helping the country recover from their earthquake disaster. Some of the activities that CAF participated during the operation included the use of their military engineers in clearing debris, assessing structures and remediating the landslides. Also, they provided an effective mobile medical team which played an important role in offering medical services to this population. |
Conclusion From the various operations and missions that CAF has participated in the past either abroad or domestic, it is clear that these forces play significant role not only in the defence related activities but also in ensuring the whenever there are disasters and other calamities, they use their expertise and equipment to ensure there are no major loss of property and life, as it has been demonstrated through the Operation LENTUS . Also, it is clear that the role of Canadian Armed Forces is beyond resolving conflict-related issues, where the troops participate in different events including sporting, hence enhancing the relationship between the community members and CAF troops. Through such events, the troops contribute to creating awareness of sporting and healthy. The various achievements by the CAF cannot be completed without recognizing their efforts in rescue and search missions. Due to their passion in the operations, the CAF troops have managed to work with different security forces, to eradicate marijuana and ensure no illegal drugs get to Canada using the Northern border, and this has contributed significantly in Canadian government efforts of ensuring the country is free from all types of drugs. However, regardless of the major impact CAF troops are making in our country, it is important to address all the challenges contributing to their ineffectiveness including a shortage of trained personnel’s in various forces including regular force. |
Question Four
Canada-United States defense relationship is believed to be the closest relationship between two sovereign states in the entire world. Moreover, the relationship is becoming stronger every day as compared to the 1900s when a number of scholars described Canada as being dependent on British and not an independent country as it is today in terms of security operations. The relationship between the two countries unfolded at the beginning of the 21 st Century where Canada decided to end the love-hate relationship with the United States. From 1945, Canada has been enjoying the good defense relationship with America, and this is seen through the various military protections, American investment in training with Canada, among others (Edmunds, 2016). However, regardless of the good relationship, there have been questions regarding whether the relationship is based on personal interests or interests of the two countries. This is seen where some of the Canadians believe that although their proximity to the United States has major advantages, it may result into risks which may ruin the relationship as it has been depicted in different events in the past.
When considering the Canada-U.S defense relations, it is important to look at some of the past events, and how they have shaped the relationship. For example, the Alaska Boundary Conflict between the United States and Canada is one of the events that Deputy Minister need to have a proper understanding as he attends the international conference on the state of long-standing alliances. Canada sits side by side with the United States, and the two countries have managed to keep a good political and trade relationship before although not as it is now. However, the conflict which occurred in 1898 is a major event to consider when discussing the relationship between the two countries where it revealed the greatest danger of having a close relationship with the United States. The issue started in 1867 when the United States was initializing its expansion process forcing the country to buy Alaska from Russia (Stevens, 2015) . The sale included a ‘panhandle’ strip running from Pacific Coast to the border with Columbia which was a British colony by then. Things changed immediately after discovery of major gold deposit at Klondike resulting in escalating issue of the border between U.S and Canada. Klondike was clearly under Canada government, but the United States government went ahead and flew the flag in the region (Zentelis, 2015) . This forced the Canadian prospectors who were mining gold in the region to pay United States duties while they were on their way home. The event depicted the probability of major conflict due to the Canadian miner’s resistance to pay the revenue forcing the two countries to involve the Britain where a special panel or a tribunal was formed to help make a decision regarding the region. The United States was certain that they were not supposed to interfere with the Canadian mining activities at Klondike, but they went ahead and exploited the miner’s and threatened a fight. Looking at this event, it is clear that seating next to the United States may have positive effects on the defense systems, but it may also result in major conflicts if care is not taken.
However, there are events that Deputy Ministers need to consider that have resulted in better defense relations between the United States and Canada. For example, after the 911 events, the relationship between the United States and Canada has become stronger, due to the various agreements signed by the two countries militaries to protect their territories from attack by terrorists (Cramm, 2015). On 29 August 2002, the agreement to tie the Canadian forces with the United States military was structured. According to the agreement, the United States troops would be allowed into Canada soil in response to a terror attack and vice versa. By January 2002, there were other agreements made to seal the defence relations between the two countries, including the Canada-U.S Bi-National Planning Group which played major role in making contingency plans to ensure there is cooperative and coordinated response to any national requested assistance between the two countries, either on land or sea, and this was meant to supplement the NORAD (CAF, 2017) essentially.
Also, relating to the agreements made after the 11 September 2001, close arrangement to facilitate the effectiveness of intelligence sharing between Canada and United States militaries especially cross-border information has been enhanced enormously. The relationship has made a massive contribution to smoothing of the flow of traffic at the border in the last few years. Moreover, the events contributed to active Canada-US cooperation in offshore, where Canada joined NATO in the bombing of Yugoslavia during the 1999 Kosovo crisis. Additionally, the 911 contributed to improved defense relationship where Canadian Armed Forces helped the United States campaign against Al-Qaida and Taliban terror groups in Afghanistan (Boulos, 2016) . Therefore, the Deputy Minister need to understand that Canada and United States defense relations are stronger whenever there is a common enemy as it was during the 911 event where the two countries signed many agreements to support each other in the fight against terror and terror activities globally.
Lastly, the Canada-United States defense relations can be described using the post-World War II events. In 1946, a report from the Military Co-operation Committee tried to convince Canada and United States on the importance of working together to address the air-atomic threats which were made by USSR. According to the report, the threat would have adverse consequences on both countries, forcing them to act fast in establishing vast networks of radar stations, and create a joint military troop to fight the threat on the ground (De Winter, 2017) . However, after the operations were over, the Canadian government found that the MCC report was addressing the worst case scenario and all the members of this committee were high ranked United States military officials and diplomats. For years, Canadian experts criticized the move claiming that it was a plan by the United States government to fortify the relationship between Canada and Far North (Bastick, 2017) . The analysis of the situation later indicated that the Canadian and United State's policymakers were of same mindset relating to this USSR attack, but the Canadian policymakers went ahead to allocate a small budget. This demonstrated that even though the military was fighting save an enemy, the politics of both countries relating to defense issues may be a huge factor to consider.
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