The Three Models of Emotions
The Schachter and Singer module or theory posits that physiological arousal takes place whenever emotion is felt and that an individual relies on their immediate environment in searching for emotional cues, which they use to label such physiological arousal. Conversely, the James-Lange model suggests that an individual exhibits a physiological reaction after seeing an external stimulus and the physiological reaction is to those events (Herry et al., 2019). Cannon–Bard, unlike the other two models, posits that both emotional experience and physiological arousal happen simultaneously yet independently, which is different from James-Lange that suggests emotions arise from physical arousal (Pollatos & Ferentzi, 2018).
A Personal Example
One of my emotional responses was when I received the news of my wife's death through a grizzly auto accident. At that moment, I felt like the world stood still, and the heavens put the clouds on my shoulders to carry. The grief, pain, and a mixture of feelings of disbelief, anger, love, and other imaginations flooded my mind. The most applicable model to my emotional experience is the Cannon–Bard model. Feelings of denial, thoughts of how I would live without my wife, difficulty in coming to terms with the situation, and thoughts of how I would adapt onwards happened almost simultaneously, and it was like they were independent of each other. I cried, and tears flowed down my cheeks; I hated myself why I was there to protect and still yet had all these thoughts flushing through my mind all at the same time.
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Primary Emotion and Associated Brain Regions
One of the basic emotions discussed in the text is happiness. Research and studies indicate that the emotions of happiness emanate partly in the limbic cortex and the precuneus, which is said to be responsible for processing and converting specific information into feelings of happiness (Breedlove & Watson, 2019). The structures amygdala, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and thalamus, are primarily involved in most emotions and memory of the limbic system, responsible for happiness are the parietal lobe, the precuneus, and the limbic cortex, and the emotions of happiness are often triggered through the release of serotonin and dopamine, which are crucial neurotransmitters in the brain (Kabat-Zinn, 2018).
Effects of Stress Resiliency
Stress resiliency primarily comprises how well an individual can acknowledge and recognize the painful or difficult situations and decide to respond in ways that promote their growth. Depending on the number of stressors, duration of exposure, and in consideration of the plasticity of the human brain, an individual's stress resiliency could decrease with more stressors or longer durations of exposure (Gopi et al. 2017; Van Oort et al., 2017). An individual can enhance their resilience in a stressful situation by maintaining their general health such as having enough rest, exercising regularly, engaging in mental activities that alleviate stress such as meditating and connecting with a support network (Sampedro-Piquero et al. 2018). To boost their stress resilience, the individual needs to practice mindfulness, keeping costive relationships, being self–aware, practicing self-care, and keeping their purpose alive. By having these measures in place, the individual will have prioritized their relationships, marinated a support group, shunned from negative outlets, stay proactive, and will keep moving towards their goals amidst the stress.
References
Breedlove, S. M., & Watson, N. V. (2019). Behavioral neuroscience. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Gopi, S. K., Xin, N. Y., Lian, S. S., & Robinson, N. (2017). Classifying subjective emotional stress response evoked by multitasking using EEG. IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC), 3036-3041.https://doi.org/10.1109/SMC.2017.8123091.
Herry, C., Maintenant, C., Blanchette, I., Tricard, E., Gimenes, G., & Pennequin, V. (2019). Emotional Response Categorization in Adolescents and Young Adults. Psychological Reports, 122(4), 1349-1371.https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0033294118784864.
Kabat-Zinn, J. (2018). A Study in Happiness—Meditation, the Brain, and the Immune System. Mindfulness, 9(5), 1664-1667.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-018-0991-3.
Pollatos, O., & Ferentzi, E. (2018). An embodiment of emotion regulation. Embodiment in Psychotherapy, 43-55.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92889-0_4.
Sampedro-Piquero, Paloma, P. A.-S., & Begega, A. (2018). Coping with stress during aging: the importance of a resilient brain. Current Neuropharmacology, 16(3), 284-296.https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159X15666170915141610.
Van Oort, J., I, T., E. J, H., Mulders, P. C., Beckmann, C. F., Schene, A. H., et al. (2017). How the brain connects in response to acute stress: A review at the human brain systems level. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 83, 281-297.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.10.015.
