Colonialism is a phenomenon characterized by the political conquest of one society by another followed by governance. The oppressed society is usually forced to adapt to the culture of the oppressor changing its language and even religion in extreme cases. Colonial empires were mainly European and were immense in the late 19th and 20th centuries. Globalization, on the other hand, is the rapid integration of both local and international economies into one major global market controlled by the World Trade Organization. Globalization is characterized by persistent cultural interactions and flow of capital, goods and also flow of ideas across the world. Colonization directly led to globalization because, during the colonial period, the powerful countries came up with the framework for free trade whereby oppressed societies were forced to consume goods that were brought by their colonialists while at the same time surrendering their productivity including raw materials and services to the colonial powers. The interaction between the two societies was perpetual and continued even after the colonized countries gained independence from their colonialists leading to globalization in the 20th and 21st century.
Modernization theory is a theory used to describe the sequence or process of modernization within societies. Modernization theory came from the ideas of Max Weber (1864-1920), a German sociologist. The theory states that once the societies are in a modernization process, they follow a conventional sequence of stages which are: traditional, the precondition for takeoff, take off, drive to maturity, the age of high mass consumption then finally postindustrial age. The theory further argues that there a combination of both cultural and economic barriers that internally prevent traditional societies from developing.
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The world systems theory argues that the world is classified into three levels of economies; core, periphery, and semi-periphery. The theory states that the core economies are the dominant countries that exploit peripheral countries for labor and raw materials. They have well-established governments protected by strong well-funded militaries. They are also characterized by high skill power and are capital intensive. The core countries, therefore, use their powers to solicit cheap labor and raw materials from the other economies. Semi-peripheral countries exhibit some characteristics of core countries with stable government and urban centers but also have a significant poverty rate. Peripheral countries are not as established as the core and the semi-peripheral and rely heavily on the core countries for capital.
