Part 1
The intelligence cycle is described as a concept that elaborates on the general intelligence process in law enforcement. The intelligence cycle begins from the planning and direction and proceeds to the other components such as collection, processing, analysis, and production, and finally, the dissemination and feedback (Peterson, 2005). The analysis and production stage of the intelligence cycle requires the role of a crime analyst. The analysis of the crime analysis strategies is also quintessential to the understanding of the intelligence cycle. The lesson also covered the concepts of intelligence application in the process of law enforcement and the phases of the intelligence cycle (Peterson, 2005). It has been established that a successful reduction in the level of crime in an area results from a proper analysis of the crime, crime prevention planning, and strategies, and the participation of citizens.
The significant role of the crime analysts is to help the administrators in the identification of criminal behaviors, crime patterns, and the ultimate interruption of the criminal behaviors in an area. The functions of the crime analysts in a given area enable the administrators to make decisions on how to deploy workforce and assets to combat crime efficiently (Schaible & Sheffield, 2012). The crime analysts also review the information given to them after the analysis and come up with the intelligence that can be used at the strategic, investigative, intelligence, criminal, and operational levels. On the other hand, crime analysis is a more complicated process, which involves more than just one officer and makes use of the SARA model (Schaible & Sheffield, 2012). SARA is an acronym representing the scanning, analysis, response, and assessment. Crime analysis began in the early 18th century at the founding of the Metropolitan Police Department by Sir Robert Peel. The role of the crime analysts in the analysis process is evident in the analysis process, which leads to the realization of the objectives tied to the analysis process.
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As mentioned earlier, the cycle of intelligence spans five phases. The planning step in the intelligence cycle is crucial, for it sets the pace for the other steps (Nolan, 2015). The planning phase involves the decisions on what to collect, monitor, and analyze. Majorly, the planning step is focused on the recipient of the information and the specific aspects that they require to be collected. The collection phase becomes easier after proper planning has been implemented and involves the sourcing for the raw data from the various sources such as social media (Nolan, 2015). The process then proceeds to the processing stage. At this phase, assumptions and hypotheses regarding the information collected can be made. The intelligence officers then analyze the collected and processed information relating to a crime. The analysis step of the intelligence cycle comes up with a finished product that can be used to determine the credibility of the collected information. Boba Santos and Taylor (2014) also state that police patrol is one way of enabling the crime analysis step. Once the validity of the information has been established, it is disseminated to the end-user after which it is used to decide to combat a particular crime in an area.
The police or the intelligence officers are not ubiquitous to the role of combating crime. The participation of the public is often welcomed since the people can provide more accurate details regarding a crime compared to the law enforcement officers. Therefore, law enforcement relies heavily on citizen participation in addition to the use of the SARA model and the intelligence cycle (McCarthy, Porter, Townsley, & Alpert, 2019). The community-oriented policing models have been found to contribute to the well-roundedness of assessment of crime. Community-oriented policing is dependent on factors such as monitoring the media, surveys, community events, and the attendance of social functions (McCarthy, Porter, Townsley, & Alpert, 2019). While community-oriented policing and the intelligence cycle are not a solution for a perfect crime-free society, they have helped reduce crime a great deal in the community.
Part 2
Groff, Johnson, Ratcliffe, and Wood (2013) relate the car patrol and foot patrol in the areas that experience violent crime in an attempt to identify which of the two patrol methods is more efficient in reduction of crime. The purpose of their paper is to cover how the Philadelphia Police Department used the foot patrol strategy and in the end, experienced a 23% reduced crimes in the area in the treatment period. Groff, Johnson, Ratcliffe, and Wood (2013) look into whether the activities conducted by the foot patrol officers might have led to the reduction in the crime rates. The official data regarding the police patrol activity were used to create a comparison of activities done by the foot patrol officers to the car patrol officers in 60 treatment and foot beat, and 60 control areas with violent crime hotspots (Groff, Johnson, Ratcliffe & Wood, 2013). The activities of the car patrol officers were described in the pre-intervention and the intervention. Conversely, the activities of the foot patrol officers are explained within the treatment and control areas in the treatment stage of the experiment. A series of mixed model ANOVAs were used to evaluate the statistical changes in the car patrol between the pre-intervention and intervention levels.
Differences between car and foot patrol were observed. The car patrol officers handled most of the reported crime activities. The foot patrol officers were mostly present at the pedestrian stops and handled the disorders happening in their areas. The car patrol activities during the experiment were found to decrease in both the treatment and control areas in the intervention (Groff, Johnson, Ratcliffe & Wood, 2013). There lacked a notable statistical difference in the treatment areas compared to the control areas. Conclusively, the patrol methods and strategies that law enforcement agencies decide to employ influence one another. Thus, depending on their objectives related to crime reduction, the enforcement agencies can decide on the best methods of patrolling.
References
Boba Santos, R., & Taylor, B. (2014). The Integration of Crime Analysis into Police Patrol Work: Results from a National Survey of Law Enforcement Agencies. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management , 37 (3), 501-520.
Groff, E. R., Johnson, L., Ratcliffe, J. H., & Wood, J. (2013). Exploring the Relationship Between Foot and Car Patrol in Violent Crime Areas. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management , 36 (1), 119-139.
McCarthy, M. M., Porter, L. E., Townsley, M., & Alpert, G. P. (2019). The Effect of Community-oriented Policing on Police Use of Force: Does Community Matter? Policing: An International Journal .
Nolan, C. (2015). Understanding the Intelligence Cycle. Edited by Mark Phythian. New York: Routledge, 2013. Journal of Strategic Security 8 (4), 114-116.
Peterson, M. (2005). Intelligence-led Policing: The New Intelligence Architecture . Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Assistance.
Schaible, L. M., & Sheffield, J. (2012). Intelligence-led Policing and Change in State Law Enforcement Agencies. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management , 35 (4), 761-784.
